Exam 4 Flashcards
What diagnostic test used to diagnose kidney + urological disorder?
- urinalysis
- radiology
What are the clinical manifestations of urinary system disorders?
- fatigue
- HTN
- blurred vision
- n/V
- cognitive changes
- excessive thirst
- change in body weight
What are some patterns of urination that should be of concern to the nurse?
- frequency
- urgency
- hesitancy
- retention
- dysuria
- nocturia
- stress incontinence
- dribbling
What will the urine look like if the pt is experiencing a urinary system disorder?
- concentrated
- diluted
- hematuria
- pyuria ( WBC)
- red, brown, yellowish green
What are the possible risk factors for developing a UTI?
- obstruction
- retention
- renal impairment
- foreign bodies
- anatomic
- Compromise immune response
What are some nursing interventions for preventing UTI’s?
- frequent handwashing
- scheduled toileting
- foley care
- peeing after intercourse
What is acute pyelonephritis?
- inflammation of the renal parenchyma and collecting system
What are the risk factors for developing acute pyelonephritis?
- dysfunction of the lower UT
- long term care residents
- pregnancy induced changed
- untreated UTI
What are the clinical manifestations of acute pyelonephritis?
- N/V
- fever/ chills
- flank pain
- dysuria, urgency + frequency
- lower back tenderness
What clinical manifestation is more common in older adults w/ UTIs?
Cognitive effects like confusion (more common than burning)
What is urethritis?
- inflammation of the urethra due to bacterial or viral infection
What causes urethritis?
- trichomonas
- chlamydia
- gonorrhea
What are the clinical manifestations that present in women w/ urethritis?
Diagnosis difficult so see LUTS
What are the clinical manifestations that present in men w/ urethritis?
- discharge
- dysuria
- urgency
- frequency
What are the treatments for urethritis?
Antibiotic and sitz baths
What is some patient education for urethritis?
- avoid vaginals sprays
- avoid intercourse
- contact partner(s)
- hygiene
What are the clinical manifestations for urinary tract calculi?
- severe pain in the flank area / lower back
- kidney stone dance
- mild shock
What kind of education would you provide to a patient experiencing urinary tract calculi?
- low sodium diet
- low calcium
- inrease hydration
- decrease use of tums, calcium vitamins + supplement
What are the risk factors for developing UT calculi?
- men
- 50’s and up
- genetics
- summer heat
What are normal findings post op of kidney surgery?
- small amounts of beeping
- Flank pain
- bruising
What are abnormal findings post op of kidney surgery?
- bright red bleeding
- decreased urinary production
-hemorrhage - sepsis
What are some nursing interventions for a kidney surgery post op?
- promote ambulation
- promote fluids
- avoid calcium rich foods
What are some examples of calcium rich foods?
D, LG, F, S, N , F
- dairy
- leafy greens ( spinach, kale, broccoli)
- fish ( like sardines and salmon )
- soy ( tofu/ soy milk)
- nuts/ seeds
- fruits ( oranges, apricots, figs, and raisins)
What is polycystic kidney disease?
- most common life threatening genetic disease involving both kidneys
What is the first symptom of PCKD?
Headaches
What would you educate a pt on who is experiencing PCKD?
UP, D
- UTI prevention
-dialysis
What are abnormal findings of a stoma?
- color: blue or white
- drainage?: yes
What is normal UO?
Per hour
30mL/ per hour
What are the indication of kidney removal?
- cyst rupture
- sepsis
What are the symptoms of a UUTI?
Acute pyelonephritis
- fever
- malaise
- N/V
- flank tenderness
What are the symptoms of a LUTI?
Urethritis
- burning
-urgency - frequency
- strong smelling urine
- hematuria
- suprapubic pain
What is creatinine clearance?
test compares the creatinine level in urine with the creatinine level in blood to see how well the kidneys are getting rid of toxins
What is the normal values for creatinine and BUN levels?
- a high creatinine (0.6 to 1.3)
- a low BUN 6-24 mg/dL
What is residual urine?
The urine left over after urination, a small amount is normal (50mL) anything more indicates inadequate bladder emptying
What is a KUB test?
an imaging procedure that uses X-rays or ultrasound to examine the urinary system and surrounding structures
What are some signs of arterial insufficiency ?
- pallor, cool/ cold extremities
- cap refill greater than 3 seconds
- decreased or absent pulses
What does warm and cyanotic extremities indicate?
Poor venous return
What is osteomyelitis?
Severe infection of the bone, bone marrow, and surrounding soft tissue
What is osteoporosis?
- chronic and progressive metabolic bone disease
What are some preventative measures than can be used for osteoprosis?
- regular weight bearing exercise
- adequate intake of fluoride, calcium, vitamin D
What should the nurses assessment focus on in a pt w/ osteoporosis?
- proper nutrtion w/ calcium and vitamin d supplements
- exercises
- fall prevention
- drug therapy
What is osteoarthritis?
Slowly progressive non inflammatory disorder that cause the gradual loss of cartilage
What are the risk factors for osteoarthritis?
- Age
- decreased estrogen at menopause
- obseity
- ligament injury
- frequent kneeling/ stopping
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
- a chronic systemic autoimmune disease, inflammation of the connective tissue
What are some nursing considerations for pt’s w/ arthritis?
Non curative, focus on
- managing pain/ inflammation
- preventing disability
- maintaining and improving joint function
- drug therapy supplements no drug treatments
What are some post op interventions for a total knee replacement?
- no pillow under the knee
- ROM: flexion and extension
- weight bearing as tolerated
What are some goals for pts w/ amputations?
- adequate relief from underlying health problem
- pain management
- max rehab
- cope w/ body image change
- lifestyle adjustments
What is gout?
Type of arthritis that is caused by hyperdrive is and deposition of urine acid crystals in r or more joints
How is gout managed?
meds, IFI, LA/FHIP, DM, R/I/E
- prevention of recurrent attacks
- xanthine oxidase inhibitors ( allopurinol)
- increase fluid intake
- limit alcohol and foods high in purine
- diet modification
- rest, ice and elevation
What are some foods high in purine that pt’s w/ gout should avoid?
OM, RM, S, SF/ D
- organ meats ( liver, kidney)
- red meats ( beef, lamb, pork)
- seafood
- sugary foods and drinks
What is lupus?
A multi system inflammatory autoimmune disease
What is diffused pain?
- larger areas
- deep tissue
what is radicular pain ?
- irritation of the nerve root
What is a prostate specific antigen (PAS) test?
- a test that measures the amount of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland, in your blood.
How is chlamydia transmitted?
- exposure to sexual fluids, ejaculation isn’t necessary
What are the CM of chlamydia?
Men vs. women
- men are asymptomatic
- women have pain during urination and intercourse
- blood in the urine
How is gonorrhea transmitted?
- through sexual fluids ejaculation isn’t necessary
- prior infection doesn’t provide immunity
What are some symptoms of gonorrhea?
- increased vaginal discharge
- dysuria
- frequency of urination
- bleeding after sex
- painful bowel movements
What are some are some effects of untreated gonorrhea?
- infertility
- blindness ( babies)
How is syphilis transmitted?
- direct contact with ulcer
What are the first symptoms of syphilis?
Flu like
What can untreated syphilis cause?
- CNS effects, lesions on the organs cause destruction in body
What is genital herpes?
Life long incurable STI that is very common
What are some nursing education used for pt suffering from HSV?
- loose fitting clothing
- cotton underwear
- clean and dry
- pour water on lesions
- abstain from sex until lesions ahave healed
What are the risk factors for developing breast cancer?
- family hx
- genetics
- weight gain
- smoking
- alcohol use
- obesity
What are some nursing assessments preformed on a pt post op?
- no BP or blood draw on affected arm
- stroke
- blood clots
What are some risk factors for ovarian cancer?
- women who have never been pregnant
- increasing age
- high fat diet
- use of infertility drug
How is ovarian cancer diagnosed?
- manual exam
- biopsy
