Exam 3 Flashcards
When does the common cold differ to influenza when it comes to onset?
The common cold happens gradually while influenza happens abruptly
Which disease is associated with a high temperature?
(102.0 - 103.0)
Influenza and fever usually happens for 3-4 days
In which disease is headaches common in?
Respiratory infections
Influenza, headaches are uncommon in the common cold
respiratory infection
Which disease would you see severe myalgia and fatigue?
Influenza you would only see slight aches and fatigue in the common cold
What are the complications of a common cold?
Sinus congestion and earache
What are the complications of influenza ?
B, P, ARD, LT
- Bronchitis
- pneumonia
- ARDs (
- life threatening
What can be done to prevent common colds and influenza from spreading?
Washing hands for both and annual vaccination for influenza?
What is the treatment options for the common cold?
- rest
- hydration
- decongestant
- Tylenol / Ibuprofen
What are the treatment options for the flu?
Zanamivir, oseltamivir
- antiviral drugs ( if given 24-48r. Prior to onset)
- rest
- hydration
- Tylenol/ Ibuprofen
What is pneumonia?
Acute infection of the lungs parenchyma ( connective/ supporting tissue)
What are the risk factors for developing pneumonia?
- Age: 65 years and older
- residents of long term facilities
- abdominal/ chest surgery
- alt level of consciousness
- smokers
what are the clinical manifestations of pneumonia?
C, F, CHI, H, PCP, F/CC
- cough
- fever
- chills
- headache
- pleuritic chest pain
- fine or coarse crackles
what are the clinical manifestations of pneumonia that are specific to older adults?
C, H
- confusion
- hypothermia
how is pnumonia diagnosed?
- chest x-ray
- WBC count ( greater than 15,000)
- ABG ( PaO2 less than 80mmHg, PaCO2 greater than 45, pH less than 7.35)
- sputum specimens
normal WBC range: 4.5k - 11k
what are normal readings on an ABG?
pH, PaO2, PaCO2, HCO3
pH ( 7.35- 7.45)
PaO2 ( 80- 100mmHg)
PaCO2 ( 35- 45mmHg)
HCO3- 22-26 mEq/L
what can be done to prevent pnumonia?
F/PV, EA, IS, FP
- flu and pnumococcal vaccines
- early ambulation
- Incentive spirometer
- feed precautions
What can be used to treat acute pneumonia?
- supplemental oxygen
- IV hydration
- IV antibiotics, antiviral or antifungal
What intervention is important in a pt w/ pneumonia?
nutrition
- rest before meals
- use bronchodilator before meals
- avoid excuse 1 hour before and after meals
- limit fluid w/ meals because they will get full before they eat
- moderate carb, high caloric
- eat 5 to 6 small meals a day
What are the none obvious signs of lung cancer?
- change in voice
- hoarseness
What are the risk factors for developing TB?
- homelessness
- inner city neighborhoods
- foreign born person
- IV injection drug user
- overcrowded living conditions
- poverty
- immunosuppression
What are the clinical manifestations of TB?
DC, F, UWL, NS
- dry cough that can become productive
- fatigue
- unexplained weight loss
- night sweats
What are the late signs of a TB infection?
D, H
- dyspnea
- hemoptysis
What is the goal for treatment of TB?
- normal lung function
- completion of drug regime
- prevent transmission
What may cause the pt to be non compliant with the drug regimen?
- cost
- they feel better
- they give away their meds
What are the clinical manifestations of lung cancer?
- persistent cough
- dyspnea
- blood tinge sputum
- pneumonia that’s not responding to treatment
- anorexia
- fatigue
What is the primary intervention for a pt w/ lung cancer?
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
what is COPD?
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
when air can’t leave the lungs because it’s trapped in the lungs ( persistant expiratory airflow limitation causing an abnormal gas exchnage)
what is the diffrence between a latent and an active TB infection?
latent - positive TB skin test but negative bacteriologic studies
active- positive TB skin test, positive bacteriologic study, clincal or x-ray evidence of current disease
what are the CM of COPD?
cc, d, ef, uoam, bc, pet, dc, db, w
- chronic cough
- dyspnea
- easily fatigued
- use of accsessory muscles
- barrel chest
- prolomged expiratory time
- digital clubbing
- decreased breath sounds
- wheezing
what should a COPD pt’s O2 level be at during excertion and at rest?
- SaO2 above a 90%
- PaO2 above a 60 mmHg
what breathing excerises can be used to COPD pts?
- pursed lip breathing ( helps trapped airout)
- diaphragmatic breathing ( helps w/ lung expansion)
what is an COPD acute exacerbation?
acute worsening of syptoms often due to upper respiratory infection
how is COPD acute exacerbation managed?
SABA, CCS,A, SO2, C/B
- short acting beta agnoist ( Albuterol)
- corticosteriods
- antibiotics
- supplemental O2
- CPAP or BiPAP
what are the complications of late stages COPD?
PHTN, CP
- pulmonary HTN
- cor pulmonale
what is cor pulmonale?
trouble w/ the heart due to respiratory issues
what are the CM of cor pulmonale?
- dyspnea
- peripheral edema
- distended neck veins
- heptomegaly
ABG result
what is respiratory acidosis?
pH down
low pH, increased CO2, normal HCO3
what causes respiratory acidosis?
pH down
hypoventilation that causes CO2
what are the manifestations of respiratory acidosis?
H, L , W, C, HK, DBP, DR
- headache
- lethargy
- weakness
- confusion
- hyperkalemia
- decreased BP
- dysrthymia
ABG results
what is metabolic acidosis
breathing off sugar
low pH, CO2 N, HCO3 low
what causes metabolic acidosis?
DKA
accumulation of acid or bicarb is lost
what are the manifestations of metabolic acidosis?
H, L, W, C, HK, DBP, DMR
- headache
- lethargy
- weakness
- confusion
- hyperkalemia
- hypotension
- decreased muscle reflexes
what is an intervention to help a pt experiencing respiratory acidosis?
- 15L of oxygen
- albuterol
- ECG
ABG
what is respiratory alkalosis?
chicken little scene
high pH, CO2 low, HCO3 normal
what causes respiratory alkalosis?
anxiety attack
when the pt is hyperventilation breathing off too much CO2
what are the manifestations of respiratory alkalosis?
LH, HC, HK, HV, T, N/T
- lightheadedness
- hypocalcemia
- hypokalemia
- hyperventilation
- tachycardia
- numbness and tingling
ABG
what is metabolic alkalosis
expolsive
high pH, CO2 normal, HCO3 high
what causes metabolic alkalosis?
prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, gastric suctioning
what are the manifesations of metabolic alkalosis?
R, HC, HK, N/V, T
- restlessness
- hypocalcemia
- hypokalemia
- N/V
- tremors
What interventions can be used for a pt experiencing metabolic alkalosis?
- # 1 stop the loss
- # 2 replace what has been lossed
what is psoriasis?
a chronic systemic noninfectious genetic autoimmune inflammatory disorder affecting the skin and joints
what is cellulitis?
not edema
inflammation of the cells under the skin
what interventions can be used on a pt experiencing cellulitis?
MH, I, E
- moist heat
- immobilization
- elevation
what can be done to manage psoriasis?
WC, B, TM, BIC, CE, M, POS
- wet compress
- baths
- topical medication
- break itch cycle
- cool enviorment
- moisturizer
- prevention of spread
what can aggitate skin issues like psoriasis?
- heat
- itching
- don’t apply makeup
- no tightfitted clothing
- avoid fragrences
- no atrificial dyes
what are the risk factors for developing MRSA?
- althetes
- immunosupressed
- chronic skin disorders
what does A, B, C, D, E stand for?
skin cancer
- Assymetrical
- border
- color
- diameter
- evolving
what is an abnormal ABCDE assesment?
- A: the shape isnt symmentrical
- B: jagged edges/ poorly defined
- C: pink turned red / varying colors
- D: gotten bigger
- E: evolving
what are the signs of hypoxia?
- restlessnes
- frantic
- cyanosis
what is carpidopa levidopa used for?
dopamine
restores dopamine production in the brain in parkinson’s pts
what is multiple sclerosis?
autoimmune disease that deconstructs the myelin sheath causing inflammation and scar tissue formation
what would you educate a pt with MS on?
AC, SC, DNF
- avoid caffeine
- self catheterization
- decreases nightly fluids
what are the CM of parkinson’s disease?
TRAP
T: tremors
R: ridgity
A: ankinesia and bradykinesia
P: postural instability
what is parkinson’s disease?
chronic, progressive, uncurable neuro disorder that is caused by destruction of dopamine receptors
what signs will be present physically in a pt with parkinson’s diease?
- shuffling gait
- difficulty walking
- weakness
- unstable posture
what is Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?
progressive brain and spinal muscular atrophy from destruction of motor neurons
what are the clinical manifestations of ALS?
- muscle cramps
- stiffness
- pain
- sleep disorder
- GERD
- slow dragging gait
- drooling
- difficulty chewing and speaking
- tongue contractions
what disability do you usually see stone face/ lack of emotion?
parkinson’s disease
what intervention can be used in a pt w/ MS?
teach the pt to straight cath themselves
neuro
what is the priority when the pt is experiecing an acute exacurbation?
aspiration risk and range or motion
