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intro to biology > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a requirement of cladistics is that a grouping must include _____

A

a common ancestor and all its descendants

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2
Q

the reduction in genomic variability that occurs when a small group of individuals becomes separated from a larger population

A

founder effect

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3
Q

an extreme example of genetic drift that happens when the size of a population is severely reduced

A

bottleneck effect

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4
Q

the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance

A

genetic drift

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5
Q

any movement of individuals and/or the genetic material they carry from one population to another

A

gene flow

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6
Q

an individual weed that exhibits resistance to an herbicide _____

A

inherited the gene that made it resistant

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7
Q

by what means did darwin propose species evolved over time

A

natural selection

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8
Q

before the publication of charles darwin’s On the Origin of Species, what was the prevailing public consensus regarding species evolution

A

that species were permanent and unchanging

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9
Q

comparing DNA sequences to find evidence of shared evolutionary history is called

A

bioinformatics

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10
Q

comparing the body structures of organisms to find evidence of a shared evolutionary history is called

A

comparative anatomy

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11
Q

change in gene frequency in a population is best defined as

A

evolution

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12
Q

if two organisms of different species share more similar DNA sequences with each other than with other species then we can conclude that

A

these two species are very closely related

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13
Q

individuals with variations that make them best suited to their environment are, on average, more likely to _____

A

survive and reproduce

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14
Q

natural selection acts on _____ and _____ evolve

A

individuals; populations

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15
Q

what category of biological classification is the most narrow

A

genus

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16
Q

some of the branches of a phylogenetic tree do not extend to the end, what do these lines represent

A

extinct species

17
Q

the oldest fossils are typically found in the _____ sediments

A

lower

18
Q

the rapid diversification of species seen in the fossil record followed by long periods of stasis is part of the _____ model of evolution

A

punctuated equilibrium

19
Q

the slow drifting of sections of the earths crust, sometimes separating, other times colliding, is known as

A

plate tectonics

20
Q

what defines a geological time period known as an era

A

the distinct life forms that were present

21
Q

how many offspring an individual produces is considered _____

A

fitness

22
Q

what events can lead to offspring having a unique arrangement of their parents genes

A

crossing over and independent assortment

23
Q

what field of science has as its goal to classify all living things into hierarchical system of relatedness that runs from most broad to most narrow

A

taxonomy

24
Q

the process of determining the age of a fossil from radioactive isotopes is

A

radiometric dating

25
Q

what is the name for the study of the geographic distribution of species

A

biogeography

26
Q

what is the smallest unit that can evolve

A

the population

27
Q

what is the original source of variation that natural selection acts upon

A

mutations

28
Q

the failure of one species sperm to fertilize the egg of a different species

A

gametic incompatibility

29
Q

when did life first appear on the planet

A

3.5 billion years ago

30
Q

what biological classification grouping includes the greatest number of species

A

domain

31
Q

what grouping follows Order in the classification hierarchy

A

family

32
Q

what grouping includes all protists

A

domain eukarya

33
Q

mineralized bones, animals frozen in ice or preserved in amber, and footprints or other impressions preserved in stone are considered

A

fossils

34
Q

changes in genes within a population over time is

A

microevolution

35
Q

natural selection, genetic drift, and founder effect can all cause

A

evolution

36
Q

what can lead to allopatric speciation

A

habitat isolation

37
Q

what process of evolution does not change the total number of species

A

nonbranching evolution

intro to biology (5 decks)

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