exam 2 Flashcards
the energy to charge ATP’s comes from?
the breaking of chemical bonds within glucose
chemical energy is most often released by _____
breaking a bond within a molecule
_____ and _____ rely on cellular respiration to make ATP which is why they perform cellular respiration
consumers and producers
during which stage of cellular respiration is the majority of the ATP produced
electron transport chain
final protein refinements, storage, and packaging occur in the?
golgi apparatus
how is DNA linked to the production of proteins?
DNA holds the instructions for the cells on how to make proteins
the principal role of _____ is to convert the chemical energy of sugars into chemical energy of ATP that fuel’s life’s processes.
cellular respiration
what is the principal role of photosynthesis
to convert solar energy into the chemical energy of sugars
what is the stage of cellular respiration that occurs entirely outside of the mitochondria
glycolysis
what stage of cellular respiration where glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid
glycolysis
why is mitochondria useful in genetic studies?
mitochondria contain their own DNA
respiration is called aerobic because it requires _____
oxygen
the endosymbiosis theory states that both _____ and _____ used to both be free living bacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells
mitochondria and chloroplasts
the long extension of a cell that can propel a cell forward by whipping back and forth is called a _____
flagellum
the passive transport of water is specifically called _____
osmosis
the process by which molecules, atoms, or ions diffuse through a semi-permeable membrane down their concentration gradient without the assistance of transporter proteins
simple diffusion
a type of passive transport that uses specialized proteins, such as channel proteins and carrier proteins, to help molecules move across a cell membrane
facilitated diffusion
the energy an object has because of its motion
kinetic
stored energy in an object due to its position, properties, and forces acting on it
potential energy
what are the main by products of cellular respiration
water and carbon dioxide
what happens to the ATP molecule after it has been used for work?
it loses a phosphate group and is converted to ADP
what harvests energy from sugar molecules to make ATP
mitochondria
what harvests every from sunlight to rearrange molecules into sugar
chloroplasts
an energy molecule is?
ATP
the process that releases energy from food in the absence of oxygen
anaerobic fermentation
the capacity to do work is the definition of _____
energy
the transport of large molecules into the cell is
endocytosis
pick up high-energy electrons and carry them to the electron transport chain is the job of _____ during cellular respiration
NADH
what is the main purpose of cellular respiration
to produce ATP
what is the net production of ATP during glycolysis
2
we have to _____ to help break down the sugar during glycolysis
breathe oxygen
what passes through the nuclear pores?
RNA
where are ribosomes located in the eukaryotic cells
the cytoplasm and rough endoplasmic reticulum
where does the citric acid cycle occur
in the matrix of the mitochondria
where does the electron transport chain occur
in the mitochondria
what cellular structure is unique to plant and algae cells
chloroplasts
what form of transport requires the expenditure of energy
active transport
what cells contain a plasma membrane
animal cells, plant cells, and bacterial cells
what organelle functions to break down and recycle large molecules
lysosome
what processes can be carried out by animals
cellular respiration
what processes can be carried out by plants
photosynthesis and cellular respiration
sugar + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + ATP is the reaction of
cellular respiration
a substance that goes from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, and requires energy
active transport
what structure regulates the transport of substances into and out of a plant cell?
the plasma membrane
cells in multicellular organisms sometimes have _____ so they can move things past the tissue where they are found
cilia
