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a&p 1 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

3 plasma proteins

A
  • albumin
  • fibrinogen
  • globules (alpha, beta, gamma)
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2
Q

name examples of alpha and beta globules

A

transferrin, other clotting factors, enzymes, cytokines, compliment factor 9, thrombin

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3
Q

what is oncotic pressure

A

oncotic force that prevents loss of plasma fluid from capillaries into the tissues

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4
Q

what is responsible for keeping bloods oncotic pressure

A

plasma proteins

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5
Q

whats mainly inside RBC

A

hemoglobin

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6
Q

hematocrit level

A

~ 40%
- slightly higher in men

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7
Q

hemoglobin concentraion

A

~ 15g/dL
- dL=100mL
- slightly higher in men

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8
Q

MCV (mean corpuscular value)

A

average volume in RBC
~ 90

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9
Q

what does low MCV mean for the cell

A

microcytic

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10
Q

what does high MCV mean for the cell

A

macrocytic

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11
Q

MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin)

A

average amount of HGB In a RBC
- 30

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12
Q

what does low MCH mean for the cell

A

microcytic and/or hypochromic

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13
Q

what does high MCH mean for the cell

A

hyperchromia – rare

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14
Q

MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration)

A

% of RBC vol taken up by HGB
34%

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15
Q

what does low MCHC mean for the cell

A

hypochromia

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16
Q

what does high MCHC mean for the cell

A

possible microcytic cell

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17
Q

white count

A

4K-10K cell/mm^3

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18
Q

platelet count

A

150K-400K cell/mm^3

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19
Q

Route to lymphocyte

A

pleuripotent hematopoietic stem cell–> IL3–> lymphoid stem cell–> lymphocyte

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20
Q

route to erythrocyte

A

stem cell–> IL3 + GM-CSF–> myeloid stem cell –> EPO+ GM-CSF—> proerythroblast –EPO–> basophilic erythroblast –EPO–> polychromatic erythroblasts –EPO–> normoblast –EPO–> reticulocyte –> erthyrocyte

21
Q

what is a reticulocyte

A

“baby RBC”

  • released from bone marrow and circulation with mature RBC’s
  • makes up 1-2% of all red blood cells
22
Q

polycythemia vera

A

erythropoiesis >hemolysis
- cancer in bone marrow
- Hct can be 80-90%–> thick blood

23
Q

Anemias

A

erythropoiesis < hemolysis
- blood loss anemia
- hemolytic anemia
- erythroblastosis fetallus

24
Q

is hct high or low in blood loss anemia

A

low
- plasma replaced faster than RBC

25
Q

two types of hemolytic anemia

A
  • sickle cell
  • thalasemia
26
Q

what is erythroblastosis fetallus

A

excessive erythroblasts in blood
- shouldn’t have any

27
Q

name 4 types of maturation failure anemia’s

A
  • aplastic
  • iron-deficient
  • folic acid deficient
  • pernicious
28
Q

what’s aplastic anemia

A

don’t make any cells

29
Q

what kind of cells do you get from iron deficient anemia and which count can be increased

A

hypochromic

increased RBC count

30
Q

why can you have an increase in RBC with iron-deficient anemia

A

hypochromic cells dont have enough HGB to carry O2 to kidneys
–>
secrete more EPO from the kidneys= more RBC produced

31
Q

what is B vitamin needed for

A

DNA replication

32
Q

what causes pernicious anemia

A

failure to absorb B12 NOT from deficiency of it
- common with gastric bypass or alcoholics

33
Q

why is pernicious anemia common in alcoholics and those with gastric bypass

A

epithelia cells in stomach produce intrinsic factor which allows for B12 absorption
– lack of cells or destroyed these cells

34
Q

three phases of hemostasis

A
  1. cells injured= contractions
  2. platelet plug
  3. coagulation = extrinsic and intrinsic
35
Q

three contractile proteins in platelets

A

actin, myosin, thrombosthenin

36
Q

what do platelets contain

A
  • contractile proteins
  • fibrin stabilizing factor
  • thromboxane – eicosenoid
  • ADP
  • platelet factor 3
  • growth factors
37
Q

what do growth factors in platelets contain

A

cytokines that stimulate growth of fibroblasts , endothelial cells, and SM cells

38
Q

what initiates the extrinsic pathway

A

vessel injury

39
Q

what initiates the intrinsic pathway

A

injury to blood
- this blood exposed to collagen

40
Q

CF’s in extrinsic pathway

A

7, 10, 5

41
Q

CF’s used in intrinsic pathway

A

12, 11, 9, 8, 10, 5

42
Q

where does most synthesis for clotting factors happen

A

liver

43
Q

what is thrombomodulin

A

protein on surface of endothelial cells
- binds and removes thrombin
- inactivates CF 5, 7

44
Q

what is antithrombin 3

A

proteolytic enzyme
binds to thrombin and inactivates it
- removes factors 12, 11, 9, 10

45
Q

what is heparin

A

polysaccharide from mast cells and basophils
- no anticoagulant function by self
- combines antithrombin 3

46
Q

what is plasminogen

A

inactive plasma protein
- activated to plasmin by tPA (tissue plasma activator)

47
Q

what is plasmin / whats it do

A

proteolytic enzyme
- digests fibrin threads & prothrombin
- digests CF 5, 8, 12
- slowly dissolves clots (1-2 days)

48
Q

what is Ca++ needed for

A
  • polymerization of fibrin
  • activation of thrombin
  • PTA formation
  • activation of CF 10, 9

a&p 1 (5 decks)

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