Exam 4 Flashcards
3 plasma proteins
- albumin
- fibrinogen
- globules (alpha, beta, gamma)
name examples of alpha and beta globules
transferrin, other clotting factors, enzymes, cytokines, compliment factor 9, thrombin
what is oncotic pressure
oncotic force that prevents loss of plasma fluid from capillaries into the tissues
what is responsible for keeping bloods oncotic pressure
plasma proteins
whats mainly inside RBC
hemoglobin
hematocrit level
~ 40%
- slightly higher in men
hemoglobin concentraion
~ 15g/dL
- dL=100mL
- slightly higher in men
MCV (mean corpuscular value)
average volume in RBC
~ 90
what does low MCV mean for the cell
microcytic
what does high MCV mean for the cell
macrocytic
MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin)
average amount of HGB In a RBC
- 30
what does low MCH mean for the cell
microcytic and/or hypochromic
what does high MCH mean for the cell
hyperchromia – rare
MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration)
% of RBC vol taken up by HGB
34%
what does low MCHC mean for the cell
hypochromia
what does high MCHC mean for the cell
possible microcytic cell
white count
4K-10K cell/mm^3
platelet count
150K-400K cell/mm^3
Route to lymphocyte
pleuripotent hematopoietic stem cell–> IL3–> lymphoid stem cell–> lymphocyte
route to erythrocyte
stem cell–> IL3 + GM-CSF–> myeloid stem cell –> EPO+ GM-CSF—> proerythroblast –EPO–> basophilic erythroblast –EPO–> polychromatic erythroblasts –EPO–> normoblast –EPO–> reticulocyte –> erthyrocyte
what is a reticulocyte
“baby RBC”
- released from bone marrow and circulation with mature RBC’s
- makes up 1-2% of all red blood cells
polycythemia vera
erythropoiesis >hemolysis
- cancer in bone marrow
- Hct can be 80-90%–> thick blood
Anemias
erythropoiesis < hemolysis
- blood loss anemia
- hemolytic anemia
- erythroblastosis fetallus
is hct high or low in blood loss anemia
low
- plasma replaced faster than RBC
two types of hemolytic anemia
- sickle cell
- thalasemia
what is erythroblastosis fetallus
excessive erythroblasts in blood
- shouldn’t have any
name 4 types of maturation failure anemia’s
- aplastic
- iron-deficient
- folic acid deficient
- pernicious
what’s aplastic anemia
don’t make any cells
what kind of cells do you get from iron deficient anemia and which count can be increased
hypochromic
increased RBC count
why can you have an increase in RBC with iron-deficient anemia
hypochromic cells dont have enough HGB to carry O2 to kidneys
–>
secrete more EPO from the kidneys= more RBC produced
what is B vitamin needed for
DNA replication
what causes pernicious anemia
failure to absorb B12 NOT from deficiency of it
- common with gastric bypass or alcoholics
why is pernicious anemia common in alcoholics and those with gastric bypass
epithelia cells in stomach produce intrinsic factor which allows for B12 absorption
– lack of cells or destroyed these cells
three phases of hemostasis
- cells injured= contractions
- platelet plug
- coagulation = extrinsic and intrinsic
three contractile proteins in platelets
actin, myosin, thrombosthenin
what do platelets contain
- contractile proteins
- fibrin stabilizing factor
- thromboxane – eicosenoid
- ADP
- platelet factor 3
- growth factors
what do growth factors in platelets contain
cytokines that stimulate growth of fibroblasts , endothelial cells, and SM cells
what initiates the extrinsic pathway
vessel injury
what initiates the intrinsic pathway
injury to blood
- this blood exposed to collagen
CF’s in extrinsic pathway
7, 10, 5
CF’s used in intrinsic pathway
12, 11, 9, 8, 10, 5
where does most synthesis for clotting factors happen
liver
what is thrombomodulin
protein on surface of endothelial cells
- binds and removes thrombin
- inactivates CF 5, 7
what is antithrombin 3
proteolytic enzyme
binds to thrombin and inactivates it
- removes factors 12, 11, 9, 10
what is heparin
polysaccharide from mast cells and basophils
- no anticoagulant function by self
- combines antithrombin 3
what is plasminogen
inactive plasma protein
- activated to plasmin by tPA (tissue plasma activator)
what is plasmin / whats it do
proteolytic enzyme
- digests fibrin threads & prothrombin
- digests CF 5, 8, 12
- slowly dissolves clots (1-2 days)
what is Ca++ needed for
- polymerization of fibrin
- activation of thrombin
- PTA formation
- activation of CF 10, 9
