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A&P 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrophobic bonds

A

Nonpolar bonds (C-H)

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2
Q

Hydrophilic bonds

A

Polar (charges on O and N attached to H or C)

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3
Q

Common/important oxidizing agent in cell metabolism

A

NAD

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4
Q

Most potent oxidizing agent

A

Oxygen

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5
Q

Amino group more acidic

A

R-NH3+

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6
Q

Amino group more basic

A

R-NH2

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7
Q

Carboxylic acid more acidic

A

R-COOH

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8
Q

Carboxylic acid more basic

A

R-COO neg

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9
Q

Most common bond between C-H

A

Covalent

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10
Q

Most frequent type of bond

A

Polar- covalent

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11
Q

Carbs 3 functions

A

E source, E storage, cell structure

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12
Q

Lipid (fats) functions

A

E source, E storage, act as cytokines, form structures like cell membranes

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13
Q

Protein functions

A

Form structural aspects of cells, act as receptor, transport, “cytokines”, enzyme

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14
Q

Nucleic acid functions

A

Genetic material, form structure components of cells (ribosomes)

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15
Q

Alpha maltose

A

Glc-Glc

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16
Q

Sucrose

A

Glc-Frc

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17
Q

Lactose

A

Gal-Glc

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18
Q

Main fuel source for most cells

A

Glucose

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19
Q

Alpha position

A

Below ring

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20
Q

Beta position

A

Above ring

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21
Q

Alpha D- glucose

A

6 ring structure with hydroxyl group on C 1 in alpha position

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22
Q

What’s needed to make arachidonic acid into eicosenoids

A

COX enzyme

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23
Q

Is alpha or beta D glucose more stable

A

Beta

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24
Q

D glucose or L glucose physiologically active

A

D glucose

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25
Q

What formula do all monosaccharides have

A

C6H12O6

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26
Q

Where do glucose attach in glycogen

A

Alpha 1,4

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27
Q

Where does branching occur in glycogen

A

Alpha 1,6

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28
Q

What saccharides make up starch

A

Amylopectin and amylose

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29
Q

Is amylose branched

A

No

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30
Q

Is amylopectin more branched than glycogen

A

No

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31
Q

Name 3 structural carbs/heteropolysaccharides

A

Alpha-D chondroitin 4 sulfate, hyaluronic acid, heparin

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32
Q

Name 4 monosaccharides

A

Glucose, sucrose, fructose, ribose

33
Q

What makes up the extra cellular matrix in connective tissue

A

Heteropolysaccharides

34
Q

Are heteropolysaccharides intracellular or extracellular

A

Extracellular

35
Q

What are the building blocks of lipids

A

Fatty acids

36
Q

Is palmitic acid saturated or unsaturated

37
Q

Is palmitoleic and oleic acid saturated or unsaturated

A

Unsaturated

38
Q

Most common type of dietary fat we burn as energy

A

Triglycerides

39
Q

Structure of triglycerides

A

Glycerol connected to 3 fatty acid chains

40
Q

Structure of phospholipids

A

Diglyceride connected to 2 fatty acids, a phosphate group, and some alcohol

41
Q

What type of lipid is amphipathic

A

Phospholipids

42
Q

Are fatty acids hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

Hydrophobic

43
Q

Example of a steroid molecule we make

A

Cholesterol

44
Q

What can act as a “steroid cytokines”

A

Cholesterol — can make testosterone, estrogen, progestins, glucocorts

45
Q

Prostaglandin functions

A

Mediate inflammation and affects smooth muscle contraction

46
Q

Thromboxane functions

A

Promote platelet aggregation and blood clotting

47
Q

Leukotriene function

A

Bronchoconstriction and increased capillary permeability — “slow anaphylaxis”

48
Q

Leukotrienes are produced from arachidonic acid with which enzyme

A

Lipoxygenase

49
Q

Name 3 things that influence the conformation of proteins

A

Temp, pH, ligands

50
Q

What’s a ligand

A

Anything that attaches to a protein

51
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins

A

Amino acids

52
Q

What does a peptide bond connect

A

Carboxylic acid and amino group

53
Q

Define a primary structure in proteins

A

Structure of AA sequence in line bond form

54
Q

Define a secondary structure in proteins

A

3D structure WITHIN the primary structure (alpha helix, beta pleated sheets, reverse turn)

55
Q

Define tertiary structure of a protein

A

3D structure of a whole peptide (fibrous vs. globular)
These are MONOMERIC

56
Q

Define quaternary structure of a protein

A

Overall shape of polymeric protein IE: Hgb

57
Q

What are chains of nucleotides

A

Nucleic acids

58
Q

What 3 things is a nucleotide made of

A

5 C sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate

59
Q

What are the purines

60
Q

What are the pyrimidines

A

DNA- CMP, dTMP
RNA- CMP, UMP

61
Q

What can form nucleotides with ribose

A

AMP, GMP, CMP, UMP

62
Q

What can form nucleotides with deoxyribose

A

AMP, GMP, dTMP, CMP

63
Q

What causes antiparallel pairing in DNA

A

The nitrogenous groups facing each other

64
Q

How many chromosomes are in a nucleus

A

46, 23 pairs

65
Q

Give characteristics of DNA

A

Long chains, double stranded helix, only in cell nucleus, contains all genetic info, pairing A-T and C-G

66
Q

Give characteristics of RNA

A

Short chains; single stranded; found in nucleus, cytoplasm, and ribosomes

67
Q

How many DNA molecules are in 1 chromosome

68
Q

What makes up a chromosome

A

DNA and proteins

69
Q

How many nucleotides do you need for 1 AA

70
Q

What’s a gene

A

A sequence of nucleotide that codes for AA’s sequence in peptide

71
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur

A

In the ribosomes

72
Q

What is transcription

A

Where mRNA leaves nucleus through pore to the ribosome

73
Q

Another name for translation

A

Protein/polypeptide synthesis

74
Q

Function of ATP

A

Energy currency of cell

75
Q

Function of CoA

A

Carrier protein for acetyl groups

76
Q

Function of NAD

A

Oxidizing agent

77
Q

Function of neurotransmitters

A

“Cytokines” — any regulatory molecule

78
Q

Function of cAMP

A

Second messenger

79
Q

Glucose structure

A&P 1 (5 decks)

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