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A&P 1 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Oxidoreductases

A

Oxidation-reduction reactions
“Lactate dehydrogenase”

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2
Q

Transferases

A

Transfer of function group from one molecule to another
Ie: phosphofructokinase ADP+Pi—>ATP

Kinases

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3
Q

Hydrolases

A

Used H2O to break chemical bonds
IE: hydrolysis - removes phosphate groups

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4
Q

Lyases

A

Cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N without water of redox reaction

IE: ATP—> CAMP
Adenylyl cyclases

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5
Q

Isomerase

A

Catalyze intermolecular rearrangement

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6
Q

Ligases

A

Formation of bonds to form simple compounds “tying them together”

IE: DNA ligase

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7
Q

Catabolism

A

ADP+Pi —> ATP

Making of energy and breaking from large to small molecule

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8
Q

Anabolism

A

ATP—> ADP + Pi

Use energy created in catabolism to build

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9
Q

To catabolize glucose do you reduce or oxidize it

A

Oxidize

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10
Q

Max total of ATP we can get from catabolizing 1 glucose molecule

A

38

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11
Q

Which step of glucose metabolism doesn’t make CO2

A

Glycolysis

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12
Q

How many ATP Does glycolysis make

A

2

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13
Q

Which pathway in glucose metabolism makes FADH and how many

A

Krebs cycle- 2

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14
Q

Which pathway of glucose metabolism doesn’t make ATP

A

Bridge step

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15
Q

How many ATP does the Krebs cycle make

A

2

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16
Q

How many co2 are made in the bridge step

A

2

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17
Q

How many co2 are made in the Krebs cycle

A

4

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18
Q

Net reaction of glycolysis

A

Glucose+ 2ADP+ 2Pi+ 2NAD —> 2 pyruvate +2NADH + 2ATP

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19
Q

Net reaction of bridge step

A

2pyruvate + 2CoA+ 2NAD—> 2acetyl CoA+ 2NADH + 2CO2

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20
Q

Is NAD or FAD a stronger oxidizing agent

A

FAD

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21
Q

Net reaction of the Krebs cycle

A

2 acytyl CoA + 6NAD + 2FAD +6H2O +2ADP + 2Pi —> 2coA + 6NADH + 2FADH+ 4CO2+ 2ATP

22
Q

Net reaction of oxidative phosphorylation with NADH

A

10 NADH + 5O2+ 30ADP +30Pi—> 10NAD + 10H2O+ 30ATP

23
Q

Net reaction of oxidative phosphorylation with FAD

A

2FADH+ 10O2+4ADP+4Pi—> 2FAD+ 2H2O+4ATP

24
Q

Overall net reaction of glucose metabolism

A

Glucose+ 6O2+ 38ADP + 38Pi—> 6CO2+ 6H2O+ 38ATP

25
Q

When would glycogenolysis occur

A

Between meals
(when BG low we want stored glycogen to be broken down)

26
Q

When would gylcogenesis occur

A

After meals
(We want to store glucose as glycogen in the liver)

27
Q

Fatty acids need to use what protein to be carried through the blood

A

Albumin

28
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

Cytoplasm of a Cell (not mitochondria)

29
Q

What is the most common Ketone

A

Acetoacetate

30
Q

Name three nitrogenous wastes

A
  1. Urea
  2. Creatinine
  3. Uric acid
31
Q

4 fates of pyruvate

A

Anaerobic metabolism
Fermentation
Bridge step
Transamination

32
Q

What is transamination

A

Pyruvate into the liver to make nonessential AA for protein synthesis

33
Q

What byproduct do we have left after deamination

A

NH3+ (ammonia)

34
Q

What does ammonia combine with and make to be excreted

A

Combined with CO2 (from Krebs)
Excreted as urea

35
Q

What type of AA are used to translate mRNA into polypeptides through transamination in the liver

A

Both non essential and essential

36
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

-Break down of glycogen to glucose
-Catabolism
-would happen between meals

37
Q

What is glycogenesis

A
  • Glucose being stored as glycogen in the liver
  • after meals
    -anabolism
38
Q

What is gluconeogenesis

A
  • Liver making new glucose from AA delivered to the liver
  • between long periods of no food- storage depleted
  • anabolic
39
Q

Where does fat metabolism begin and end

A

Starts in adipose cell and ends with ATP made in muscle cell

40
Q

What’s the most common Ketone

A

Acetoacetate

41
Q

Breakdown of more complex AA creates what nitrogenous waste product

A

Creatinine

42
Q

Breakdown of Nucleic acids creates what nitrogenous waste product

A

Uric acid

43
Q

What is PFK

A
  • Allosteric enzyme
  • can be inhibited to slow down glycolysis
44
Q

Name 3 allosteric inhibitors

A
  • ATP (too much present)
  • NADH (Too much)
  • 2,3 DPG
45
Q

Which step of gylocolysis is irreversible

A

Fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 diphosphate through enzyme PFK

46
Q

What enzyme is used in the bridge step

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

47
Q

What does alpha ketoglutarate in the Krebs cycle turn into

A

Glutamate

48
Q

Where does NAD come from in the diet

A

Niacine

49
Q

Where does FAD come from in the diet

A

Riboflavin

50
Q

How many times do you cycle through the Krebs cycle

A

2 times- had 2 acetyl CoA from bridge

51
Q

How many lactic acid do you get from pyruvate

A

2
You start with 2 pyruvate from glycolysis

A&P 1 (5 decks)

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