Exam 2 Flashcards
Oxidoreductases
Oxidation-reduction reactions
“Lactate dehydrogenase”
Transferases
Transfer of function group from one molecule to another
Ie: phosphofructokinase ADP+Pi—>ATP
Kinases
Hydrolases
Used H2O to break chemical bonds
IE: hydrolysis - removes phosphate groups
Lyases
Cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N without water of redox reaction
IE: ATP—> CAMP
Adenylyl cyclases
Isomerase
Catalyze intermolecular rearrangement
Ligases
Formation of bonds to form simple compounds “tying them together”
IE: DNA ligase
Catabolism
ADP+Pi —> ATP
Making of energy and breaking from large to small molecule
Anabolism
ATP—> ADP + Pi
Use energy created in catabolism to build
To catabolize glucose do you reduce or oxidize it
Oxidize
Max total of ATP we can get from catabolizing 1 glucose molecule
38
Which step of glucose metabolism doesn’t make CO2
Glycolysis
How many ATP Does glycolysis make
2
Which pathway in glucose metabolism makes FADH and how many
Krebs cycle- 2
Which pathway of glucose metabolism doesn’t make ATP
Bridge step
How many ATP does the Krebs cycle make
2
How many co2 are made in the bridge step
2
How many co2 are made in the Krebs cycle
4
Net reaction of glycolysis
Glucose+ 2ADP+ 2Pi+ 2NAD —> 2 pyruvate +2NADH + 2ATP
Net reaction of bridge step
2pyruvate + 2CoA+ 2NAD—> 2acetyl CoA+ 2NADH + 2CO2
Is NAD or FAD a stronger oxidizing agent
FAD
Net reaction of the Krebs cycle
2 acytyl CoA + 6NAD + 2FAD +6H2O +2ADP + 2Pi —> 2coA + 6NADH + 2FADH+ 4CO2+ 2ATP
Net reaction of oxidative phosphorylation with NADH
10 NADH + 5O2+ 30ADP +30Pi—> 10NAD + 10H2O+ 30ATP
Net reaction of oxidative phosphorylation with FAD
2FADH+ 10O2+4ADP+4Pi—> 2FAD+ 2H2O+4ATP
Overall net reaction of glucose metabolism
Glucose+ 6O2+ 38ADP + 38Pi—> 6CO2+ 6H2O+ 38ATP
When would glycogenolysis occur
Between meals
(when BG low we want stored glycogen to be broken down)
When would gylcogenesis occur
After meals
(We want to store glucose as glycogen in the liver)
Fatty acids need to use what protein to be carried through the blood
Albumin
Where does glycolysis occur
Cytoplasm of a Cell (not mitochondria)
What is the most common Ketone
Acetoacetate
Name three nitrogenous wastes
- Urea
- Creatinine
- Uric acid
4 fates of pyruvate
Anaerobic metabolism
Fermentation
Bridge step
Transamination
What is transamination
Pyruvate into the liver to make nonessential AA for protein synthesis
What byproduct do we have left after deamination
NH3+ (ammonia)
What does ammonia combine with and make to be excreted
Combined with CO2 (from Krebs)
Excreted as urea
What type of AA are used to translate mRNA into polypeptides through transamination in the liver
Both non essential and essential
What is glycogenolysis
-Break down of glycogen to glucose
-Catabolism
-would happen between meals
What is glycogenesis
- Glucose being stored as glycogen in the liver
- after meals
-anabolism
What is gluconeogenesis
- Liver making new glucose from AA delivered to the liver
- between long periods of no food- storage depleted
- anabolic
Where does fat metabolism begin and end
Starts in adipose cell and ends with ATP made in muscle cell
What’s the most common Ketone
Acetoacetate
Breakdown of more complex AA creates what nitrogenous waste product
Creatinine
Breakdown of Nucleic acids creates what nitrogenous waste product
Uric acid
What is PFK
- Allosteric enzyme
- can be inhibited to slow down glycolysis
Name 3 allosteric inhibitors
- ATP (too much present)
- NADH (Too much)
- 2,3 DPG
Which step of gylocolysis is irreversible
Fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 diphosphate through enzyme PFK
What enzyme is used in the bridge step
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
What does alpha ketoglutarate in the Krebs cycle turn into
Glutamate
Where does NAD come from in the diet
Niacine
Where does FAD come from in the diet
Riboflavin
How many times do you cycle through the Krebs cycle
2 times- had 2 acetyl CoA from bridge
How many lactic acid do you get from pyruvate
2
You start with 2 pyruvate from glycolysis