Exam 3 Flashcards
2 main extracellular fluids
- interstitial- fluid outside tissue cells
- plasma- around blood cells and w/I blood vessels
2 main ECF ions
- Na+ 142
- Cl- 103
2 main ICF ions
- K+ 140
- PO4 75
PO2 ECF vs ICF
ECF- 40
ICF- 20
pH of ECF vs ICF
ECF- 7.4
ICF- 7.0 (higher concentration of H)
microvilli
increase SA
cytosol (AKA intracellular fluid)
has free ribosomes
can become glycolytic enzymes or proteins in cytosol
Rough ER
- has ribosomes (translation occurs)
- synthesize membrane bound proteins
what do free ribosomes synthesize
hydrophilic cytosolic proteins
smooth ER (connects to RER)
- membrane embedded with numerous enzymes
- enzymes glycosylate proteins from RER
- enzymes synthesize lipids, FA, phospholipids, sterols
- membrane continuously growing and forming vesicles
Peroxisomes
vesicles containing enzymes like oxidases and catalases
what do oxidases do
breakdown toxic organic molecules to H2O2 (free radical)
what do catalases do
convert H2O2 into H20 + O2
transport vesicles
carry various products from the ER to other areas
Golgi body
received vesicles and products from ER for further processing
- composed of slacked vesicles
- bottom called cis face (composed of elongated vesicles)
- top called trans (composed of smaller vesicles)
what do products delivered to the golgi undergo
- seperations, sequestering, concentration
- glycosylation
- cross linking of peptides
what does the golgi synthesize
- proteoglycans
- heteropolysaccharides
secretory vesicles
transported from golgi to plasma membrane
- fuse plasma membrane and materials released into ECF
lysosomes
vesicle containing:
1. digestive enzymes (hydrolases)
2. high [H]
3. lysozyme- attack bacterial cell walks
4. lysoferrin- bind iron required by bacteria
endosomes “suicide bags”
vesicles derived from plasma membrane containing EC material (like bacteria)
nucleus
genetic control center of cell containing chromatin
- chromatin composed of dispensed chromosome
- each chromosome composed of 1DNA mol with hundreds of proteins
- human nuclei has 46 chromosomes
- chromatin surrounded by nuclear envelop (double membrane)
nucleolus
dark region in nucleus – site of RNA synthesis
centrosomes
vesicles outside nucleus containing 2 centrioles
centrioles
microtubules that function in cell division
mitochondria
site of most ATP production
- outer/inner membrane with intermembrane space of high [H]
- inner membrane folds into Cristae– contains enzyme complexes
- interior- matrix containing DNA and ribosomes
granules
various particulate matter in cytosol
(glycogen, pigment like melanin, histamine)
cytoskeleton
protein framework providing structural support, cell movement, and intracellular transport
3 things cytoskeleton is made up
- microfilaments- thin fibrous proteins (actin, myosin)
- intermediate- thicker fibers (keratin)
- microtubules- hollow tubes composed of tubulin (centrioles, spindle fibers in mitosis)
most common type of phospholipid
glycerol phospholipids
- FA #2 almost always unsaturated
4 examples of glycerol phospholipids
- phosphatidyl serine
(serine is the alcohol attached) - phosphatidyl ethanolamine
- phosphatidyl choline (Lecithin)
- phosphatidyl inositol
name 3 types of sphingolipids
- sphingosine -FA, amino, alcohol
- ceramide- sphingosine, AA
- sphingomyelin- ceramide, phosphate + 2nd alcohol
two types of glycolipids
1FA, AA, glucose
- cerebroside - 1 carb attached
- ganglioside- 2 carbs attached
4 phospholipases
- phospholipase A1- chops off FA1
- Phospholipase A2- chops off FA2
- phospholipase C- chops off phosphate and alcohol together leaving behind diglyceride
- phospholipase D- chops off just alcohol
transmembrane integral proteins
embedded in membrane and has side sticking out on both ICF and ECF
- single pass
-multi pass
monotropic integral protein
has hydrophobic domain embedded in membrane and 1 side out– usually ICF side
lipid integral proteins
attached to hydrophobic molecules in membrane
- covalently linked oligosaccharides to GPI (glycocyl phosphatodyl inositol)
- covalently linked FA or phenyl group
peripheral proteins n
not covalently linked to membrane
multi subunit (polymeric)
- made of 8 peptide chains
- form an aquapore allowing for H2) to easily diffuse
name things permeable to the membrane
CO2, O2, alcohol, lipids, water, urea, bicarb
name things impermeable to membrane
charged ions, large molecules, anything hydrophilic (AA, glucose)
name things that affect diffusion
- concentration gradient
- electrical gradient across membrane (Na and K)
- pressure gradient of gasses
- SA of membrane (increase in SA=easier diffusion)
- membrane permeability
name things that effect the membrane permeability
- channels - presense or absence
- lipid solubility
- size of solute (Lg like glucose needs carriers)
- temp (increase temp=increase permeability)
- thickness of membrane (thicker = less permeable)
hypotonic
solute concentration low= more free water= water into cell
hypertonic
solute concentration high= low free water= water out of cell
chemical and electrical gradient for K
chemical pushes K out
electrical pulls K in
chemical and electrical gradient for Na
chemical and electrical pull Na in
what type of transport is glucose transport
bidirectional facilitated diffusions
what type of transport is Na/glucose
facilitated diffusion with a carrier
symport
drive by energy of Na concentration gradient
p-type pump
phosphorylates carrier proteins
ATP–> ADP
v-type pump
vesicular pumps
ATP–>ADP; H binds and gets placed extracellularly
F type pump
makes ATP
uses existing gradient to make ATP
ATP binding cassette
take large amounts of big molecules out of cell
T o F: all types of endocytosis use E
True
phagocytosis
cytoskeleton makes invagination of membrane around certain molecule (like bacteria) and brings it into the cell
cytoskeleton creates “pseudopodium”
pinocytosis
cytoskeleton pulls down on membrane and brings random material with it to form a vesicle
nothing stimulates this
receptor mediated endocytosis
-ligand binds
- receptor migrates to clarthrin coated pit– signals cytoskeleton to start pulling it in
- vesicle made and loses clathrin
- receptor and ligand separate
- ligand goes to lysosomes or golgi for processing
- transport vesicle with receptors go to membrane, fuse, exocytosis
