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A&P 1 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

2 main extracellular fluids

A
  1. interstitial- fluid outside tissue cells
  2. plasma- around blood cells and w/I blood vessels
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2
Q

2 main ECF ions

A
  1. Na+ 142
  2. Cl- 103
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3
Q

2 main ICF ions

A
  1. K+ 140
  2. PO4 75
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4
Q

PO2 ECF vs ICF

A

ECF- 40
ICF- 20

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5
Q

pH of ECF vs ICF

A

ECF- 7.4
ICF- 7.0 (higher concentration of H)

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6
Q

microvilli

A

increase SA

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7
Q

cytosol (AKA intracellular fluid)

A

has free ribosomes

can become glycolytic enzymes or proteins in cytosol

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8
Q

Rough ER

A
  • has ribosomes (translation occurs)
  • synthesize membrane bound proteins
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9
Q

what do free ribosomes synthesize

A

hydrophilic cytosolic proteins

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10
Q

smooth ER (connects to RER)

A
  • membrane embedded with numerous enzymes
  • enzymes glycosylate proteins from RER
  • enzymes synthesize lipids, FA, phospholipids, sterols
  • membrane continuously growing and forming vesicles
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11
Q

Peroxisomes

A

vesicles containing enzymes like oxidases and catalases

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12
Q

what do oxidases do

A

breakdown toxic organic molecules to H2O2 (free radical)

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13
Q

what do catalases do

A

convert H2O2 into H20 + O2

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14
Q

transport vesicles

A

carry various products from the ER to other areas

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15
Q

Golgi body

A

received vesicles and products from ER for further processing

  • composed of slacked vesicles
  • bottom called cis face (composed of elongated vesicles)
  • top called trans (composed of smaller vesicles)
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16
Q

what do products delivered to the golgi undergo

A
  1. seperations, sequestering, concentration
  2. glycosylation
  3. cross linking of peptides
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17
Q

what does the golgi synthesize

A
  • proteoglycans
  • heteropolysaccharides
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18
Q

secretory vesicles

A

transported from golgi to plasma membrane

  • fuse plasma membrane and materials released into ECF
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19
Q

lysosomes

A

vesicle containing:
1. digestive enzymes (hydrolases)
2. high [H]
3. lysozyme- attack bacterial cell walks
4. lysoferrin- bind iron required by bacteria

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20
Q

endosomes “suicide bags”

A

vesicles derived from plasma membrane containing EC material (like bacteria)

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21
Q

nucleus

A

genetic control center of cell containing chromatin

  • chromatin composed of dispensed chromosome
  • each chromosome composed of 1DNA mol with hundreds of proteins
  • human nuclei has 46 chromosomes
  • chromatin surrounded by nuclear envelop (double membrane)
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22
Q

nucleolus

A

dark region in nucleus – site of RNA synthesis

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23
Q

centrosomes

A

vesicles outside nucleus containing 2 centrioles

24
Q

centrioles

A

microtubules that function in cell division

25
Q

mitochondria

A

site of most ATP production
- outer/inner membrane with intermembrane space of high [H]

  • inner membrane folds into Cristae– contains enzyme complexes
  • interior- matrix containing DNA and ribosomes
26
Q

granules

A

various particulate matter in cytosol
(glycogen, pigment like melanin, histamine)

27
Q

cytoskeleton

A

protein framework providing structural support, cell movement, and intracellular transport

28
Q

3 things cytoskeleton is made up

A
  1. microfilaments- thin fibrous proteins (actin, myosin)
  2. intermediate- thicker fibers (keratin)
  3. microtubules- hollow tubes composed of tubulin (centrioles, spindle fibers in mitosis)
29
Q

most common type of phospholipid

A

glycerol phospholipids

  • FA #2 almost always unsaturated
30
Q

4 examples of glycerol phospholipids

A
  1. phosphatidyl serine
    (serine is the alcohol attached)
  2. phosphatidyl ethanolamine
  3. phosphatidyl choline (Lecithin)
  4. phosphatidyl inositol
31
Q

name 3 types of sphingolipids

A
  1. sphingosine -FA, amino, alcohol
  2. ceramide- sphingosine, AA
  3. sphingomyelin- ceramide, phosphate + 2nd alcohol
32
Q

two types of glycolipids

A

1FA, AA, glucose

  1. cerebroside - 1 carb attached
  2. ganglioside- 2 carbs attached
33
Q

4 phospholipases

A
  1. phospholipase A1- chops off FA1
  2. Phospholipase A2- chops off FA2
  3. phospholipase C- chops off phosphate and alcohol together leaving behind diglyceride
  4. phospholipase D- chops off just alcohol
34
Q

transmembrane integral proteins

A

embedded in membrane and has side sticking out on both ICF and ECF
- single pass
-multi pass

35
Q

monotropic integral protein

A

has hydrophobic domain embedded in membrane and 1 side out– usually ICF side

36
Q

lipid integral proteins

A

attached to hydrophobic molecules in membrane
- covalently linked oligosaccharides to GPI (glycocyl phosphatodyl inositol)

  • covalently linked FA or phenyl group
37
Q

peripheral proteins n

A

not covalently linked to membrane

38
Q

multi subunit (polymeric)

A
  • made of 8 peptide chains
  • form an aquapore allowing for H2) to easily diffuse
39
Q

name things permeable to the membrane

A

CO2, O2, alcohol, lipids, water, urea, bicarb

40
Q

name things impermeable to membrane

A

charged ions, large molecules, anything hydrophilic (AA, glucose)

41
Q

name things that affect diffusion

A
  • concentration gradient
  • electrical gradient across membrane (Na and K)
  • pressure gradient of gasses
  • SA of membrane (increase in SA=easier diffusion)
  • membrane permeability
42
Q

name things that effect the membrane permeability

A
  • channels - presense or absence
  • lipid solubility
  • size of solute (Lg like glucose needs carriers)
  • temp (increase temp=increase permeability)
  • thickness of membrane (thicker = less permeable)
43
Q

hypotonic

A

solute concentration low= more free water= water into cell

44
Q

hypertonic

A

solute concentration high= low free water= water out of cell

45
Q

chemical and electrical gradient for K

A

chemical pushes K out
electrical pulls K in

46
Q

chemical and electrical gradient for Na

A

chemical and electrical pull Na in

47
Q

what type of transport is glucose transport

A

bidirectional facilitated diffusions

48
Q

what type of transport is Na/glucose

A

facilitated diffusion with a carrier

symport

drive by energy of Na concentration gradient

49
Q

p-type pump

A

phosphorylates carrier proteins

ATP–> ADP

50
Q

v-type pump

A

vesicular pumps
ATP–>ADP; H binds and gets placed extracellularly

51
Q

F type pump

A

makes ATP
uses existing gradient to make ATP

52
Q

ATP binding cassette

A

take large amounts of big molecules out of cell

53
Q

T o F: all types of endocytosis use E

A

True

54
Q

phagocytosis

A

cytoskeleton makes invagination of membrane around certain molecule (like bacteria) and brings it into the cell

cytoskeleton creates “pseudopodium”

55
Q

pinocytosis

A

cytoskeleton pulls down on membrane and brings random material with it to form a vesicle

nothing stimulates this

56
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

-ligand binds

  • receptor migrates to clarthrin coated pit– signals cytoskeleton to start pulling it in
  • vesicle made and loses clathrin
  • receptor and ligand separate
  • ligand goes to lysosomes or golgi for processing
  • transport vesicle with receptors go to membrane, fuse, exocytosis
57
Q
A

A&P 1 (5 decks)

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