Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 331 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Five Factor Model of Personality

A

Openness to Experience Facets: Fantasy * Aesthetics * Feelings * Actions * Ideas * Values

Conscientiousness Facets:
Competence, Order, Dutifulness. Achievement Striving, Self-Discipline, Deliberation

Extraversion/Introversion:
Warmth, Gregariousness, Assertiveness, Activity, Excitement Seeking, Positive Emotion

Agreeableness/Antagonism Facets:
Trust, Straightforwardness, Altruism, Compliance, Modesty, Tendermindedness

Neuroticism/Emotional Stability Facets: * Anxiety * Hostility * Depression * Self-consciousness * Impulsiveness * Vulnerability to Stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The clusters of personality disorders

A

Cluster A includes: * Paranoid * Schizoid * Schizotypal

Cluster B includes: * Histrionic * Narcissistic * Antisocial * Borderline

Cluster C includes: * Avoidant * Dependent * Obsessive-compulsive

(Issues with reliability and validity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Challenges to treating personality disorders

A

Personality disorders can be complex, individuals may not always want to come forward with such issues, and comorbidity with other issues can complicate things. Therapy may also be slow and have limited affects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder (biological explanations)

A

High dopamine activity, enlarged brain
ventricles, smaller temporal lobes, and loss of gray matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Antisocial personality disorder criteria

A

Pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of
others as indicated by at least 3 of the following:
1.Failure to obey laws and norms by engaging in behavior which would
warrant criminal arrest
2.Lying, deception, and manipulation, for profit or pleasure
3.Impulsive behavior
4.Irritability and aggression, frequently engages in fighting
5.Blatantly disregards safety of self and others.
6.A pattern of irresponsibility
7.Lack of remorse for actions

At least age 18
C. Conduct disorder present before age 15
D. The antisocial behavior does not occur in the context of
schizophrenia or bipolar disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Motivations of mass shooters

A

Personality: mixture of antisocial, paranoid, narcissistic, and
schizoid traits

Most common motive: revenge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Antisocial personality disorder, anxiety, and learning

A

individuals with ASPD may experience symptoms of anxiety, particularly in situations where they face potential consequences for their actions or when their safety is threatened. However, this anxiety is often related to self-preservation rather than empathy or concern for others,

Some individuals with ASPD may exhibit deficits in academic achievement or vocational success due to factors such as impulsivity, difficulty with authority figures, and a tendency to engage in risky behaviors.
Additionally, ASPD is associated with executive functioning deficits, including difficulties with impulse control, planning, and decision-making, which can impact learning and problem-solving abilities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Characteristics of borderline personality disorder

A

Unstable interpersonal relationships (idolizing a friend and dropping them after one issue) * Unstable self-image * Impulsivity * Drastic mood shifts * Suicidal actions and threats and self-injury

Comorbidity: Mood and anxiety disorders * Substance use * Other PDs especially schizotypal, narcissistic, and dependent disorder

	d. Most common pattern: Instability and risk of suicide peak during young adulthood and then gradually wane

70-75% of patients with BPD self-injure, Functions to regulate emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Treatments for borderline personality disorder

A

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT): DBT incorporates mindfulness practice and CBT * Prioritizes decreasing suicidal and self-harming behavior and increasing coping skills * Distress tolerance * Interpersonal effectiveness * Emotional regulation * Systematic research supports DBT

  • Mentalization-based therapy (MBT): evidence-based treatment * Goals are to enhance mentalization and improve emotional regulation (thinking before reacting)

STEPPS (relatively new; includes family/loved ones in treatment)

Group activities and HW given by therapist, Radical Acceptance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Characteristics of histrionic personality disorder

A

Extreme emotionality and attention-seeking: * Always “on stage” * Need constant approval and praise * Over-concern with attractiveness * Irritability and temper outbursts if attention seeking is frustrated * Males and females equally affected
Will want to do something dramatic to redirect attention back to them, some attention is better than no attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Causes of narcissistic personality disorder

A

Psychodynamic theorists: cold, rejecting parents; abuse
* Cognitive-behavioral theorists: parental over-evaluation
* Sociocultural theorists: “eras of narcissism”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Avoidant personality disorder (causal factors)

A

Hypersensitivity to rejection or social derogation * Shyness * Insecurity in social interaction and initiating relationships

Causes: Modest genetic influence; manifested in inhibited temperament. * Introversion and neuroticism are elevated.
Psychodynamic explanation: emotional abuse, rejection, humiliation from parents. Early experiences of shame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Characteristics of dependent personality disorder

A

Difficulty in separating in relationships * Discomfort at being alone * Subordination of own needs to keep others in relationship * Indecisiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Characteristics of Cluster A (odd) personality disorders

A

Social withdrawal or discomfort in social situations.
Odd or eccentric behavior, beliefs, or thought patterns.
Suspiciousness or paranoia.
Emotional coldness or detachment.
Difficulty in forming close relationships.
Limited emotional expression or range.
Heightened sensitivity to criticism or perceived slights.
Unusual perceptual experiences or beliefs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Anxiety disorder symptoms in children compared to adults

A

Expressed differently from adult anxiety disorders. More behavioral and somatic symptoms:
* Clinging * Sleep difficulties * Stomach pains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Characteristics of separation anxiety disorder

A

Extreme anxiety, often panic, whenever they are separated from home or a parent
b. Selective mutism: child consistently fails to speak in some situations but not in others
c. * 4-5% percent of children * Extreme anxiety, often panic, whenever they are separated from home or a parent * Can resolve on its own * Some go on to exhibit school refusal

Can even carry on into adulthood

17
Q

Externalizing and internalizing childhood disorders

A

Externalizing: characterized primarily by actions in the external world, such as acting out, antisocial behavior, hostility, and aggression

Internalizing: behaviors and disorders are characterized primarily by processes within the self, such as anxiety, somatic complaints, and depression

18
Q

Child maltreatment, the ACE study, and risk of developing psychological disorders

A

ACE Study: 17000 participants, Childhood Traumas 0-10, How those experiences affect their later health and wellbeing

Results: * 87% of people have at least score of 1 * 10% of men and 15% of women have scores of 4 or more * Childhood adversity contributes to most of our major chronic health and mental health issues.
Scores of 4 or more considered toxic stress and disrupt neurodevelopment: * Increased suicide risk * Increased risk of developing eating disorders and substance use disorders * 4x more likely to develop schizophrenia and bipolar disorder * 2x more likely to develop depression or anxiety

Protective factors (individual; family; community) negatively correlate with ACEs

19
Q

Difference between bipolar disorder in children and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

A

BD generally develops during late adolescence or early adulthood * DMDD only diagnosed in children aged 6–18 years

Extreme irritation/anger: * In BD only during manic episodes * In DMDD most of the time

20
Q

Characteristics of oppositional defiant disorder

A

Lifetime prevalence 10%
DSM-5 criteria- for at least six months display: * angry/irritable mood * argumentative/defiant behavior * vindictiveness

21
Q

Patterns of aggression in conduct disorder

A

Overt-nondestructive * Overt-destructive * Covert-destructive * Covert-nondestructive

Another pattern (most common in girls): relational aggression

Children with CD frequently suspended from school, placed in foster homes, or incarcerated. Juvenile delinquency: when children ages 8 to 18 break the law

22
Q

Treatments for conduct disorder

A

Effective treatments: * cohesive family model * behavioral techniques * Sociocultural approaches, e.g., therapeutic foster care (trained people who know what they’re doing)
Small, but encouraging words, ignore aggressive behaviors

Ineffective: * standard talk therapy * punitive treatments (intensifies behaviors)

23
Q

The neurodiversity paradigm

A

A term used to describe individuals whose brain functions differ significantly from the typical norm. This includes conditions such as ADHD, intellectual disability, and autism spectrum disorder.
i. Emphasizes strengths as well as differences. Reduces self- and other-stigma by promoting acceptance.
ii. Recognition under the ADA as a disability can be beneficial for accessing necessary support and accommodations.

24
Q

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (characteristics)

A

characterized by a persistent pattern of difficulties sustaining attention and/or impulsiveness and excessive or exaggerated motor activity * Classified as an externalizing disorder

9.8% of schoolchildren (aged 3-17) diagnosed with ADHD * ADHD symptoms typically start before age 12 * Symptoms can be mild, moderate or severe

Occurs more often in boys and presentations can be different in boys and girls. * Lessening of symptoms mid-adolescence. * 35-60% continue to have ADHD as adults.

25
Q

ADHD treatments

A

Medications * Behavior therapy * Neurofeedback (relatively new)

Stimulants such as: * Adderall XR (amphetamine) * Concerta (methylphenidate) * Ritalin (methylphenidate)
Non-stimulants (antidepressants): * Strattera (SNRI) * Bupropion (NDRI)
3% of all school children take stimulants for ADHD

Behavioral therapy – application of operant conditioning techniques

Most effective: combination of behavioral treatment and drug therapy

26
Q

Autism spectrum disorder: age of onset

A

Core characteristics: * Communication difficulties * Social challenges * Repetitive and rigid behaviors

  • Rate of autism among children is about 1 in 50 * Boys - around 80% of all cases * Usually identified before 3 years old
27
Q

Causes and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder

A

Genetic factors: Specific biological abnormalities (particularly in the cerebellum)

Language and communication problems: * Eye contact * Echolalia * Pronominal reversal * Deficits in “theory of mind”
Autistic thinking can be a strength in tasks that require attention to detail, precision, and thorough analysis

28
Q

Insanity defense: M’Naghten rule; irresistible impulse test; and the Durham test

A

M’Naghten Rule (1843): Focuses on whether a defendant knew the nature of the crime or understood right from wrong at the time it was committed

The Irresistible Impulse Test: Expands M’Naghten definition of insanity - not only whether defendants know right from wrong but also whether they could control their impulses to commit wrong-doing

1954 Durham test: Not criminally responsible if unlawful act was product of mental disease

29
Q

Common diagnoses of those found not guilty by reason of insanity

A
  • Personality disorders generally do not meet the standards for
    the insanity defense: * PDs typically understand societal conceptions of right and
    wrong and can control their actions. * Even if people with PDs do not agree with societal norms,
    they usually understand them (a key factor in insanity
    defense)
30
Q

Success of the NGRI plea in the U.S. in a typical year

A

Used in less than 2% of capital crime cases in the U.S. * Most attempts fail

31
Q

Guilty but mentally ill option

A
  • Placed in a treatment facility
  • If symptoms remit moved to regular correctional facility until
    full sentence is served
  • Example case: Jeffrey Dahmer
  • GBMI deceives juries into thinking it is something else
  • Most incarcerated in general population; virtually no
    treatment * GBMIs are more likely than guilty defendants to: * go to prison, * receive longer sentences for the same crimes
  • are equally likely to receive mental health care
32
Q

Competency to stand trial (CST) factors; Loughner case

A

To be considered competent to stand trial must be able to: * understand the charges and the possible penalties. * cooperate and assist their attorney in the defense

Evaluations conducted by mental health professionals like psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, or social workers

The evaluator conducts assessment and writes report summarizing findings and offering conclusion about the defendant’s ability to participate in their trial and cooperate with their attorney.

Most judges accept the opinion of the evaluator (80%) * However, the ultimate decision regarding a defendant’s competence rests with the court

60,000 defendants evaluated by CST yearly * About 1/5th found IST * Single strongest incompetency predictor is psychotic disorder (Such as bipolar disorder with psychosis, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder)

Mass shooting in Arizona that killed six people and injured 14 others, including his target U.S. Rep. Gabrielle Giffords
Before the shooting: * Teachers and students expressed concerns * Multiple contacts with college police * College requested mental health clearance (He denied and withdrew from school) * Never submitted to mental health evaluation
c. Examined by two experts; diagnosed with schizophrenia (could not assist defense) * Judge agreed and ruled “incompetent to stand trial” * This put the criminal case against him on hold * Sent for psychiatric treatment at the U.S. Medical Center for Federal prisoners in Springfield, Missouri
d. June 26, 2011: Court ruled that prison doctors could forcibly medicate Loughner with antipsychotic drugs in order to make him fit to stand trial * 2012 judge found Loughner CST * Loughner pleads guilty * Currently serving life sentence

33
Q

Civil commitment; 2-PC determinations

A

Involuntary civil commitment: Legal process by which a
person can be forced to undergo mental health treatment.
* In a psychiatric facility (inpatient)
* In the community (outpatient).

  • By court order with 2 physician certificates (“2 PCs”). * Typically, 3-5 days (5 days in Illinois) * Can be extended (approx. 90 days) * Emergency hold (aka a 72-hour hold)
34
Q

Accuracy in predicting dangerousness

A

Predicting dangerousness very difficult to predict and often
over-predicted by mental health professionals

35
Q

Forms of treatment that can be refused

A

The PAIMI Act recognizes that individuals with mental illness
have the right to make decisions about their own treatment,
including the right to refuse certain types of treatment. * Some courts have ruled patients have the right to refuse: * Psychosurgery
* Electroconvulsive Therapy
* Psychotropic medications

36
Q

Ethics in treatment

A
  • May not conduct fraudulent research
  • Must acknowledge their limitations
  • Psychologists who make evaluations must base their
    assessments on sufficient information and substantiate their
    findings * May not take advantage of clients and students (4 to 5% of
    therapists engage in some form of sexual misconduct with
    patients) * Principle of confidentiality (some exceptions)
37
Q

Tarasoff case and confidentiality between client and therapist

A

Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of
California (1976) * Defendants found liable for failing to
warn the victim
* Confidentiality privilege ends where
public peril begins

PSYC 331 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions