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PSYC 331 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Four D’s?

A

Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Danger (If all four are present, then this could be a sign of abnormality)

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2
Q

Views of abnormality in the middle-ages

A

Saw them as evil spirits and would drill holes into the head

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3
Q

Major developments in the 1950s; consequences of deinstitutionalization

A

a. In over half the states (26), there are 3 or fewer state psychiatric hospitals. *People who need treatment cannot access it.

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4
Q

Correlational research and understanding correlation coefficient

A

(Is there an association between…) ,
Pearsons Correlation Coefficient (r) : r ranges between -1 to 1, sign indicates the direction, numerical value indicates the strength

Advantages of the correlational method: High external validity (can generalize findings) *Can replicate studies with other samples *Sometimes you can’t ethically use an experiment
Difficulties: Lack internal validity *Describe but do not explain a relationship or causation

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5
Q

Experimental research

A

a deliberate manipulation of a variable to see
whether corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing
the determination of cause-and-effect relationships

The five steps in a true experiment: *Identify participants
*Randomly assign participants to a condition
*Manipulate the independent variable
*Measure the dependent variable
*Compare the results of the two groups

Well designed experiments have high internal validity
*To guard against confounds:
*Random assignment
*Masked designs

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6
Q

Analogue studies

A

an experimental procedure opposite of the field experiment. In an analog experiment, data from participants is collected in an artificial setting (e.g., laboratory

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7
Q

ABAB reversal designs

A

Single-subject experiments

ABAB designs involve alternating baseline condition with
treatment
*A = baseline
*B = treatment

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8
Q

Longitudinal and epidemiological research designs; understand meaning of prevalence

A

Longitudinal studies
*Observation of same individuals on many occasions over a
long period

Epidemiological studies
*Incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular
population

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9
Q

Protecting human participants in research; informed consent

A

Tuskegee Syphillis Study sparked outrage and led to new standards

APA Ethics Code covers the following research issues:
*Informed Consent
*Debriefing
*Protection of Participants
*Deception
*Confidentiality
*Withdrawal

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10
Q

Sociocultural perspective

A

Explained by sociocultural reasons such as poverty, culture, and other things

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11
Q

Biological Perspective

A

 Brain anatomy
 Neurotransmitter and hormonal
abnormalities
 Genetics

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12
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

Something that developed out of evolution

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13
Q

Biological treatments, specifically brain stimulation techniques

A

Psychosurgery (neurosurgery)

Unsavory history (Moniz’s prefrontal
lobotomy)
Decreased with use of antipsychotic drugs
Modern techniques involve the selective
destruction of minute areas of the brain.
Effective with debilitating OCD, self mutilation, or anorexia

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14
Q

Psychodynamic model

A

a. Ego defense mechanisms: Unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce anxiety (Not always adaptive)
b. Repression: the ego keeps disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious, those events are pushed into the unconscious mind
c. Denial: the refusal to accept reality or fact
d. Projection: involves individuals attributing their own thoughts, feeling and motives to another person.
e. Displacement: redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one, Can also displace negative feelings onto oneself

	a. Range from Freudian psychoanalysis to modern therapies * Focuses on individual personality dynamics * Guide the client to uncover past traumas and inner conflicts
	b. Techniques used in Freudian psychoanalysis: * Free association * Analysis of dreams * Analysis of resistance * Analysis of transference
	c. Working through” leads to healing through: * Recognizing resistances (insight) * Overcoming resistances (change)

Id is like the devil, Superego the angel, and the ego is the balance

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15
Q

Behavioral perspective of abnormality

A

The central theme of the behavioral dimension is learning

Classical conditioning * Operant conditioning * Modeling

Behavior therapy approaches: * Exposure therapies * Aversion therapy * Token economies

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16
Q

Carl Rogers’ humanistic theory and therapy

A

Self-actualizing tendency: the striving to fulfill one’s innate capacities * Self-concept: the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one’s life

Self-Concept includes: The (perceived) “real self”, the “ideal self”

Supportive climate created by therapist: * Unconditional positive regard * Accurate empathy * Genuineness (Reflective Listening)
Little Research to support, but aspects of it still used by therapists
Search for meaning is includes one’s beliefs, values, and experiences related to religion and spirituality

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17
Q

Multicultural theorists’ explanation for abnormality

A

seek to understand how culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and similar factors affect behavior and thought

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18
Q

Cultural competence

A

Clinicians need to consider the effects of culture when diagnosing clients

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19
Q

Developmental psychopathology perspective

A

Equifinality and Multifinality

20
Q

Idiographic information and nomothetic understanding

A

the nomothetic approach is associated with the search for general laws while the idiographic approach is associated with the understanding of specific cases and unique individuals.

21
Q

Types of clinical interviews

A

Ex. Video of unstructured clinical interview: * Training interview for mental health professionals * Actors play patient and clinician * Symptoms of Agoraphobia

Structured interviews (Must build rapport with client): * Responses can be quantified * Take longer; client frustration * Example: (on Sakai): Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID)

22
Q

Projective tests (how they work; specific tests)

A

Unstructured (ambiguous) stimuli are presented * Meaning or structure projected onto stimuli * Projections reveal hidden motives (bring thoughts from the unconscious to the conscious)

Rorschach Inkblot Test,
thematic Apperception Test: Developed in 1940s, same order and same instructions every time, tell a story from all the cards
Sentence Completion Test

Problems with projective tests: * Very subjective * Low reliability * Low validity

23
Q

MMPI-2

A

(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

567 items * 120 scales * 9 validity scales * 10 clinical scales measuring psychopathology

Clinical Scales: *Hypochondriasis * Depression * Hysteria * Psychopathic deviate * Masculinity-femininity * Paranoia * Psychathenia * Schizophrenia * Hypomania * Social introversion

24
Q

Neurological and neuropsychological tests

A

Neurological tests including neuroimaging to determine site and extent of organic brain disorder
Neuropsychological tests to determine the effect of brain disorder on mental and behavioral capabilities

25
Q

ICD and DSM (what these acronyms mean and who uses them)

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), International Classification of Disease (ICD)

Example: Persistent Depressive Disorder(Dysthymia) * DSM-5 code: 300.4 * ICD-10 Code: F34.1 * Usually written with both: 300.4 (F34.1)

26
Q

DSM-5 requirements for categorical and dimensional information as part of diagnosis

A

Name of the disorder * Severity of symptoms (rating scales)

27
Q

Disadvantages of diagnostic labeling (e.g., self-fulfilling prophecy)

A

Misdiagnosis *May close off further inquiry *Labels can be “sticky” *Self-fulfilling prophesy

33% Percentage of Americans who would not seek counseling for fear of being labeled “mentally ill” *51% would hesitate to see a psychotherapist if a diagnosis were required

28
Q

Evidence-based treatment

A

Efficacy: the treatment does what it is supposed to do in curing or relieving some target condition.

Randomized control trials (RCT): using a double-blind procedure:
* Random assignment to treatment or placebo * Pre-test all participants * Administer drug or placebo * Post-test all participants * Compare pre- post-test scores

29
Q

Harms of therapy

A

5-10% deteriorate during treatment, Using the wrong treatment model can be harmful

30
Q

Effectiveness of therapy

A

The average person receiving psychotherapy is better off than 75-79% of people with similar problems who do not seek treatment

31
Q

Characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder

A

Chronic or excessive worry about multiple events and activities * Occurs more days than not for 6-month period (must have three symptoms irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance, etc.)

32
Q

Sociocultural explanation of generalized anxiety disorder

A

Ongoing, dangerous societal conditions * Poverty * Discrimination (Pregnant mother experiencing stress may pass onto baby)
GAD twice as high in these communities

33
Q

Aaron Beck’s view of generalized anxiety disorder

A

Changing maladaptive assumptions (Ellis and Beck)
that people’s thoughts or cognition determine their responses to situations

34
Q

Benzodiazepines - mechanism of action

A

depressants that produce sedation and hypnosis, relieve anxiety and muscle spasms, and reduce seizures. The most common benzodiazepines are the prescription drugs Valium®, Xanax®, Halcion®, Ativan®, and Klonopin®.

35
Q

Characteristics of agoraphobia

A

disorder in which one fears and avoids places that might cause one to panic and feel trapped or embarrassed

36
Q

Phobias and the evolutionary perspective

A

Biological preparedness: Species specific biological predisposition to develop certain fears

37
Q

Phobias and learning theories

A

Classical conditioning * Modeling * Observation * Imitation

38
Q

Exposure therapies for specific phobias

A

Modeling * Systematic desensitization (Wolpe) * Flooding (A person is exposed to the most frightening situation immediately and intensely

Systematic Desensitization: Learn relaxation skills * Create fear hierarchy list * Pair relaxation with feared object or situations

39
Q

Characteristics of social anxiety disorder

A

an intense fear or anxiety of social situations in which the individual may be scrutinized by others

40
Q

Cognitive view of social anxiety disorder

A

Anticipate social disasters * Avoidance and safety behaviors to prevent these disasters * Post-social event ruminations

41
Q

Characteristics of panic disorder

A

a. Recurrent Unexpected Panic Attacks (No specific trigger and can happen during sleep as well)
b. At least one of the attacks has been followed by ≥ 1 month of one/both of the following: 1.Persistent concern or worry about additional panic attacks 2. Significant maladaptive change in behavior related to the attacks
c. Not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition
Not better explained by another mental disorder

42
Q

Cognitive explanation for panic disorder

A

Individuals prone to panic may be more sensitive to bodily sensations, potentially misinterpreting them as indicators of a medical emergency

Likelihood of these misinterpretations may be influenced by: * Experiencing more frequent or intense bodily sensations * A history of trauma-filled events

43
Q

Compulsions and obsessions

A

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) * Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) * Hoarding disorder * Trichotillomania disorder * Excoriation disorder

44
Q

Exposure and response prevention

A

55% to 85% of clients improve * Habituation to the stimulus/non-response that causes anxiety (have germaphobe patient touch doorknob and have them NOT wash hands)

45
Q

Medications for obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

Serotonin-based antidepressants * Combination therapy (medication + cognitive behavioral therapy approaches)

46
Q

Hoarding disorder

A

Persistent difficulty parting with possessions that others may view as worthless, distressing to others, dangerous

PSYC 331 (4 decks)

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