Exam 4

Question 1

Hyperglycemia common symptoms 🍭

Answer 1

Polyuria- frequent urination
Polydipsia- excessive thirst 🥤
Polyphagia- hunger 🫃🏻

Question 2

With DM1, without insulin 💉the patient can develop?

Answer 2

DKA
Diabetes-related Ketoacidosis, resulting in metabolic acidosis 🩸

Question 3

What is the most important risk factor for DM2?

Answer 3

Obesity ⚖️🤰🏽

Question 4

Manifestations of DM2?

Answer 4

Fatigue 🥱
Recurrent infections 🦠
Recurrent vaginal yeast infx
Prolonged wound healing ❤️‍🩹
Visual changes 👀 👓

Question 5

When are 🤰🏻moms screened for gestational diabetes?

Answer 5

24-28wks with an oral glucose tolerance test 🍵

Question 6

🍪How is diabetes diagnosed?

Answer 6

-Fasting plasma glucose 🩸
-Random plasma glucose w/symptoms
-2hr glucose tolerance test ⏳
-A1c test 🩸(3 month %)

Question 7

People with DM can become hypoglycemic with exercise. What should we teach them about exercise? 🏋🏽‍♀️

Answer 7

Exercise 1hr after a meal 🕚 or
Snack of 10-15g carbohydrates 🍌
Check📍🩸BS before exercise
🏃🏽‍♂️🏋️‍♂️🏊🏼‍♂️🚴‍♀️

Question 8

Nursing management for Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 8

How to check BS 📍🩸
How to administer insulin 💉
Storage of insulin 🆒
Side effects of 💊
Management of hypoglycemia 🍊
Weight ⚖️
Nutrition 🥗
Foot 🦶 care (🚫🧴between toes)
Grippy 🧦(Neuropathy)
Closed toe 👟- no injury

Question 9

End-organ disease from damage to blood 🪢vessels from DM is divided into ✌🏽categories

Answer 9

Macrovascular complications
(Large &Medium 🩸vessels)

Microvascular complications
(🪢Tiny vessels)

Question 10

Macrovascular complications effect…

Answer 10

Heart 🫀
Peripheral vascular system
Brain 🧠

Question 11

Microvascular complications effect…

Answer 11

Tiny vessels of the 👁️
Kidneys
Nerves ⚡️

Question 12

What is Retinopathy?

Answer 12

Microvascular damage in👁️retina due to chronic hyperglycemia

-later sign of DM
-annual 👁️ exam needed

Question 13

What is Nephropathy?

Answer 13

Damage to small 🤏🏽blood vessels that supply the glomeruli of the kidneys. 🪢

Yearly urine Albumin test 💛

Question 14

What is Neuropathy?

Answer 14

Nerve⚡️damage due to DM

Frequently in 🦵🏻
Podiatry
Fall risk‼️

Question 15

What is the most common cause for hospitalization🏥 in a person with DM?

Answer 15

Foot complications 🦶
-Foot ulcers 🕳️

Question 16

What is a goiter?

Answer 16

Enlarged thyroid gland

Question 17

Pre-Diabetes Ranges

Answer 17

Fasting glucose- 100-125 🩸
2hr OGTT- 140-199 🍵
A1c- 5.7-6.4% (3m timeframe)

Question 18

Diabetes Ranges

Answer 18

Fasting glucose- 126+
Hemoglobin A1c - 6.5+ (3m)
2hr OGTT- 200+
Random glucose- 200+ & symptoms

Question 19

DM1 Signs and Symptoms

Answer 19

Polyphasia- Hunger
Polydipsia- Thirst 🚰
Polyuria- Frequent Urination
Weight loss ⬇️ (skinny build)
Reoccurring 🦠- (likes sugar)
Fatigue 🥱

Question 20

What can raise hyperglycemia?

Answer 20

Stress 😖
Surgery 🔪
Steroids 💊

Question 21

Rule of 15s ⏲️

Answer 21

(Hypoglycemia)
Give juice or pop 🧃🥤
⏳15 min ✔️BS 🩸
If still ⬇️ give more 🧃🥤
⏳15 ✔️ BS 🩸
If still ⬇️ give glucagon or D5
If ⬆️ give 🥛, 🧀, or crackers to maintain normal BS ♾️

Question 22

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia

Answer 22

Cold 🥶
Clammy 😰
Shaking 🫨
Tachycardia 🫀
Vision changes 👓

Question 23

With diabetes and sickness you…

Answer 23

Check frequent BS 📍
Follow up with PCP
(lower immune system)

Question 24

The pituitary gland releasedls TSH that then….

Answer 24

Stimulates the thyroid to release T3 and T 4

Question 25

What does 🩸bloodwork look like with someone with Hypothyroid?

Answer 25

⬆️TSH

⬇️ T3 and T4

Question 26

What does bloodwork 🩸 look like with someone with Hyperthyroid?

Answer 26

⬇️ TSH

⬆️ T3 and T4

Question 27

What electrolytes should you worry about with someone with Parathyroid Disorder?

Answer 27

Calcium and Phosohorus

Question 28

Hyperparathyroidism can cause?

Answer 28

⬆️ Calcium
Osteoperosis 🦴
Renal failure
Renal calculi 🪨
🫀 changes
🦴 fractures 🩻

Question 29

Hypoparathyroidism can cause?

Answer 29

⬇️ Calcium
Tetany (🤌🏽 throwning gang signs)

Give calcium gluconate & Vit D