Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
chordate ancestral invertebrate features
A
deuterostomes
triploblasts
1
Q
chordate derived characteristics
A
notochord
pharyngeal arches or pouches
dorsal hollow nerve cord
endostyle (becomes thyroid)
post-anal tail
2
Q
chordates vs vertebrates
A
chordates don’t have vertebra, verts do
3
Q
urochordate larva
A
swimmers, have all 5 traits of chordates
4
Q
urochordate adults
A
pharyngeal slits (used for filter feeding)
5
Q
vertebrate derived characteristics
A
head and brain above notochord
internal bones
many hormone producing organs
embryonic epidermal placodes (scales, feathers, hair, sensory)
6
Q
Agnathans
A
lack jaws, had a myelin sheath
7
Q
gill pouches
A
made of muscle
8
Q
gill arches
A
skeletal, supported by bone or cartilage
9
Q
chondrichthyes
A
sharks and rays
paired appendages
replaceable teeth
bony scales
non-bone vertebral column
10
Q
osteichthyes
A
bony fish
bony endoskeleton
had 1st lungs and limbs
swim bladder
operculum (covers gills)
11
Q
amphibians
A
frogs and salamanders
cutaneous respiration
complete vertebrate metamorphosis
1st terrestrial
12
Q
reptiles
A
amniote egg
feathers
air sacs
pneumatic bone (hollow)
first vertebrate flight
first complete terrestrial vert
13
Q
aves
A
birds
endothermy (stable body temp)
keeled breastbone
respiratory cycle
14
Q
mammals
A
mammary glands
placenta
hair
diaphragm
sweat glands
15
Q
chondrichthyes jaws
A
jaws evolved in placoderms, NOT sharks
don’t attach to skull
have ventral (bottom side) mouth
serrated teeth (have ridges to shred)
1st to replace teeth
16
Q
chondrichthyes- squalene
A
oil made by liver, makes sharks less dense, reduces energy needed to swim
17
Q
chondrichthyes- lateral line
A
sensory system, can sense water currents and pressure waves
18
Q
chondrichthyes- ampullary organ of lorenzini
A
sensory system, detects electrical fields from other orgs
19
Q
osteichthyes bone type
A
non-living internal bone, has no living cells
20
Q
homocercal tail
A
symmetrical tail (osteichthyes)
21
Q
heterocercal tail
A
asymmetrical tail (chondrichthyes)
22
Q
osteichthyes- sarcopterygii
A
lobe finned fish, lung fish, what terrestrial orgs evolved from
23
Q
osteichthyes- actinopterygii
A
ray finned fish, no muscle in fin
24
swim bladder- how to increase depth
remove gas
25
swim bladder- how to decrease depth
add gas
26
swim bladder use
enables fish to float in water without swimming
27
physostomous swim bladder
connected to esophagus, breathe in air from mouth
28
physoclistic swim bladder
not connected to esophagus, gets oxygen from bloodstream
29
scales- placoid
sharks and rays
have pulp, dentin, enamel
do not grow
30
scales- ganoid
made of bone, dentin, ganoine
earliest scale
diamond shaped, can grow
31
scales- cycloid
made of collagen, calcium
flexible
has growth rings
present in modern fish
32
scales- ctenoid
similar to cycloid, but has no bone
spiny fin of modern fish
33
scales- cosmoid
lobe finned fish only
2 layers- lamellar and spongy bone covered by cosmine
34
pectoral fins
pitch, up or down
35
pelvic fins
brakes only
36
dorsal fins
vanes, maintain direction
37
ventral/anal fins
keels, prevent rolling
38
homocercal tail fin
propulsion and steering
39
swimming forms- undulatory
body moves in wave like motion
40
swimming forms- anguilliform
undulation of back 3/4 of body
41
swimming forms- carangiform
only posterior half of body
42
swimming forms- ballistiform
wave movement of median fins only
43
swimming forms- rajiform
rays, up/down motion of fins extending off body
44
swimming forms- oscillatory
only fins move
45
swimming forms- ostraciform
only tail fin flexes
46
swimming forms- labriform
rowing motion of pectoral fins
47
migration patterns- catadromous
freshwater to marine to spawn
48
migration patterns- anadromous
marine to freshwater to spawn
49
migration patterns- oceandromous
marine only
50
migration patterns- potamodromous
freshwater only
51
tetrapod evolution- eusthenoptera
cross of lobe finned and lung fish
freshwater
52
tetrapod evolution- tiktaalik
have a neck, flat head, limbs pointed backwards (bad for walking)
lived in water, where transition to land begins
53
tetrapod evolution- acanthostega
webbed digits, wrist bones, backward limbs
54
tetrapod evolution- ichthyostega
webbed digits, thicker skeleton, backward limbs
55
tetrapod evolution- pederpes
1st terrestrial tetrapod (lifted body), forward pointed limbs
56
amphibian ancestral characteristics (tadpoles)
back to water to reproduce, tail fin, gills to lungs, scales
57
amphibian derived characteristics (adults)
flat skull with neck, limbs w/ wrists/ankles, hands/feet, eye position
58
amphibian muscles
body muscles thin, arm/leg muscles thicken
59
amphibian respiration
rely mostly on cutaneous (skin) respiration, can use lungs as well
60
amphibian circulatory system
double system:
1. lungs to heart
2. heart to body
61
frogs
more aquatic, thin skin, webbed feet, long jumpers
62
toads
more terrestrial, thick skin, no webbed feet, short hoppers, salivary glands
63
young (tadpoles) amphibians (herbivore or carnivore)
herbivore
64
adult amphibians (herbivore or carnivore)
carnivore
65
amphibian teeth- acrodont teeth
sit on top of jaw, not rooted into bone
66
hibernation
overwinter, reduce metabolism, avoids cold weather
67
aestivation
hot and dry conditions, burrow and reduce metabolism
68
urodela
tailed amphibians, newts and salamanders
69
newts
more aquatic
70
salamanders
more terrestrial
71
types of amniotic eggs
1. cleidoic egg: membranes produced by mother, leathery or calcium shell
2. non-cleidoic egg: gelatinous egg
72
4 layers of amniotic eggs
1. amnion- fluid filled sac
2. chorion- gas exchange
3. allantois- store waste
4. yolk- nutrients, blood
73
types of extinct reptiles
1. saurischian- x-shaped hip bones
2. ornithischian- parallel hip bones
74
extinct reptiles- theropods
bipeatal carnivores, what birds evolved from
75
extinct reptiles- sauropods
long necks and tails, walk on 4 legs
76
extinct reptiles- ornithopods
duckbill dinos, have beaks (no teeth)
77
extinct reptiles- pachycephalosaurs
thick dome shaped skull
78
extinct reptiles- ceropoda
horned dinos
79
extinct reptiles- ankylosaurs
spikes on body and clubbed tail
80
extinct reptiles- stegosaurs
spikes on tail, plates on body
81
extinct reptiles- pterosaur
flying reptiles
82
extinct reptiles- plesiosaur
aquatic, long necked, flippers
83
extinct reptiles- ichthyosaur
aquatic, use fins
84
extinct reptiles- mosasaur
aquatic, large apex predators, short neck
85
3 types of testudines
1. turtles- marine
2. terrapin- freshwater
3. tortoises- terrestrial
86
snake sensory structures- jacobsen's organ
smell, inside the mouth, use tongue to smell
87
snake sensory structures- eyesight
can see UV
88
snake sensory structures- pit organ
infrared heat detector
89
snake sensory structures- scutes
large parallel scales, used for movement
90
snake sensory structures- sound
all snakes are deaf
91
crocodile
marine and freshwater, top and bottom teeth visible, slender snout
92
alligator
all freshwater, vocalizations, top teeth visible, blunt snout
93
birds- paleognath
fused palate, used mainly for feeding, ratite
94
birds- neognath
flexible beaks, have jointed bones, carinate and tinamous
95
ratite
flightless birds
96
carinate
very good fliers
97
tinamous
poor fliers
98
birds derived characters
endothermic, keeled sternum, wings/flight feathers, 1 respiratory cycle w/ 2 breaths, synsacrum (fused thoracic, lumbar, sacral vertebra)
99
birds respiratory cycle
1. first inhalation- air into posterior air sacs and last 1/4 of lungs
2. first exhalation- air flows out of posterior air sacs and into lungs
3. second inhalation- air goes into anterior air sacs
4. second exhalation- air flows out of bird
100
feather structure- spathe
blade of feather
101
feather structure- vane
one side of feather
102
feather structure- calamus
hollow base/stem
103
feather structure- rachis
solid, holds vanes
104
feather structure- barbs
diagonal projections off rachis
105
feather structure- barbules
interlock barbs into place
106
types of feathers- primary flight feathers
on hand of bird, propellers
107
types of feathers- secondary flight feathers
on arm bones, provide lift
108
types of feathers- tail feathers
steering
109
types of feathers- filoplume
sometimes sensory, display feathers
110
types of feathers- bristles
sensory feather, no barbs, calamus and rachis only
111
types of feathers- contour feather
external feathers, make bird aerodynamic
112
types of feathers- semiplume
middle layer, body feathers, gives shape
113
types of feathers- down
bottom layer, insulation, no barbules
114
birds digestive system- crop
pouch in esophagus, used for food storage
115
birds digestive system- proventriculus
glandular stomach, narrow part
116
birds digestive system- ventriculus
gizzard, wider part of stomach, where small pebbles live to help with digestion
117
derived characteristics of mammals
3 middle ear bones, 1 solid mandible
hair, mammary glands, sweat and lymph glands, placenta, long palate, muscular diaphragm
118
teeth- heterodont
mammals, different shapes
119
teeth- homodont
other verts, same shapes
120
teeth- diphyodont
mammals, 2 sets of teeth, replace once
121
teeth- polyphyodonts
other verts, replace teeth throughout life
122
teeth- thecodont
mammals, rooted into jaw
123
teeth- acrodont
other verts, sit on top of jaw
124
teeth- pleurodont
other verts, sit in a small groove in jaw
125
mammals- monotremes
egg laying, platypus and echidna
126
mammals- marsupials
short gestation period
127
mammals- placentals
long gestation period
128
rabbit
solitary, hopping, helpless at birth, burrowers
129
hare
social, runners, don't burrow, not helpless at birth
130
microchiroptera
small temperate bats, insectivores or carnivores, no claws, echolocate
131
megachiroptera
large tropical bats, all herbivores, have claws, don't echolocate
132
canidae
rely on jaws, don't retract claws
133
felidae
rely on retractable claws and jaws
134
seal lions
front flippers for propulsion, walk, have ear flap, vocalize
135
seals
back flippers for propulsion, can't walk, no ear flap, covered in hair
136
walruses
both front and back flippers for propulsion, males have long tusks
137
dolphins
long beak slender body
138
porpoise
no beak stocky body
139
odontoceti
1 blow hole, olfactory absent
dolphins, porpoise, sperm whales, orca
140
mysticetes
no teeth, have baleen to filter feed, 2 blow holes
humpback whales, grey whales, blue whales
141
horns
permanent, core of bone, surrounded by keratin, never branch, male and female
142
antlers
shed, all bone, branch, only males
143
new world monkeys- platyrrhine
flat broad nose, prehensile tails (used for manipulation), monogamous
144
old world monkeys- catarrhine
down sloped nose, no prehensile tails, polygynous
145
atriodactyl orgs
even number of toes
146
perissodactyl org
odd number of toes
147
hominoids
great apes, resemble humans, larger, bigger brains, no tails
148
