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Organismal Biology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

chordate ancestral invertebrate features

A

deuterostomes
triploblasts

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1
Q

chordate derived characteristics

A

notochord
pharyngeal arches or pouches
dorsal hollow nerve cord
endostyle (becomes thyroid)
post-anal tail

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2
Q

chordates vs vertebrates

A

chordates don’t have vertebra, verts do

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3
Q

urochordate larva

A

swimmers, have all 5 traits of chordates

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4
Q

urochordate adults

A

pharyngeal slits (used for filter feeding)

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5
Q

vertebrate derived characteristics

A

head and brain above notochord
internal bones
many hormone producing organs
embryonic epidermal placodes (scales, feathers, hair, sensory)

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6
Q

Agnathans

A

lack jaws, had a myelin sheath

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7
Q

gill pouches

A

made of muscle

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8
Q

gill arches

A

skeletal, supported by bone or cartilage

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9
Q

chondrichthyes

A

sharks and rays
paired appendages
replaceable teeth
bony scales
non-bone vertebral column

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10
Q

osteichthyes

A

bony fish
bony endoskeleton
had 1st lungs and limbs
swim bladder
operculum (covers gills)

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11
Q

amphibians

A

frogs and salamanders
cutaneous respiration
complete vertebrate metamorphosis
1st terrestrial

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12
Q

reptiles

A

amniote egg
feathers
air sacs
pneumatic bone (hollow)
first vertebrate flight
first complete terrestrial vert

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13
Q

aves

A

birds
endothermy (stable body temp)
keeled breastbone
respiratory cycle

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14
Q

mammals

A

mammary glands
placenta
hair
diaphragm
sweat glands

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15
Q

chondrichthyes jaws

A

jaws evolved in placoderms, NOT sharks
don’t attach to skull
have ventral (bottom side) mouth
serrated teeth (have ridges to shred)
1st to replace teeth

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16
Q

chondrichthyes- squalene

A

oil made by liver, makes sharks less dense, reduces energy needed to swim

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17
Q

chondrichthyes- lateral line

A

sensory system, can sense water currents and pressure waves

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18
Q

chondrichthyes- ampullary organ of lorenzini

A

sensory system, detects electrical fields from other orgs

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19
Q

osteichthyes bone type

A

non-living internal bone, has no living cells

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20
Q

homocercal tail

A

symmetrical tail (osteichthyes)

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21
Q

heterocercal tail

A

asymmetrical tail (chondrichthyes)

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22
Q

osteichthyes- sarcopterygii

A

lobe finned fish, lung fish, what terrestrial orgs evolved from

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23
Q

osteichthyes- actinopterygii

A

ray finned fish, no muscle in fin

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24
Q

swim bladder- how to increase depth

A

remove gas

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25
Q

swim bladder- how to decrease depth

A

add gas

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26
Q

swim bladder use

A

enables fish to float in water without swimming

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27
Q

physostomous swim bladder

A

connected to esophagus, breathe in air from mouth

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28
Q

physoclistic swim bladder

A

not connected to esophagus, gets oxygen from bloodstream

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29
Q

scales- placoid

A

sharks and rays
have pulp, dentin, enamel
do not grow

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30
Q

scales- ganoid

A

made of bone, dentin, ganoine
earliest scale
diamond shaped, can grow

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31
Q

scales- cycloid

A

made of collagen, calcium
flexible
has growth rings
present in modern fish

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32
Q

scales- ctenoid

A

similar to cycloid, but has no bone
spiny fin of modern fish

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33
Q

scales- cosmoid

A

lobe finned fish only
2 layers- lamellar and spongy bone covered by cosmine

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34
Q

pectoral fins

A

pitch, up or down

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35
Q

pelvic fins

A

brakes only

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36
Q

dorsal fins

A

vanes, maintain direction

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37
Q

ventral/anal fins

A

keels, prevent rolling

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38
Q

homocercal tail fin

A

propulsion and steering

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39
Q

swimming forms- undulatory

A

body moves in wave like motion

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40
Q

swimming forms- anguilliform

A

undulation of back 3/4 of body

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41
Q

swimming forms- carangiform

A

only posterior half of body

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42
Q

swimming forms- ballistiform

A

wave movement of median fins only

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43
Q

swimming forms- rajiform

A

rays, up/down motion of fins extending off body

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44
Q

swimming forms- oscillatory

A

only fins move

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45
Q

swimming forms- ostraciform

A

only tail fin flexes

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46
Q

swimming forms- labriform

A

rowing motion of pectoral fins

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47
Q

migration patterns- catadromous

A

freshwater to marine to spawn

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48
Q

migration patterns- anadromous

A

marine to freshwater to spawn

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49
Q

migration patterns- oceandromous

A

marine only

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50
Q

migration patterns- potamodromous

A

freshwater only

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51
Q

tetrapod evolution- eusthenoptera

A

cross of lobe finned and lung fish
freshwater

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52
Q

tetrapod evolution- tiktaalik

A

have a neck, flat head, limbs pointed backwards (bad for walking)
lived in water, where transition to land begins

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53
Q

tetrapod evolution- acanthostega

A

webbed digits, wrist bones, backward limbs

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54
Q

tetrapod evolution- ichthyostega

A

webbed digits, thicker skeleton, backward limbs

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55
Q

tetrapod evolution- pederpes

A

1st terrestrial tetrapod (lifted body), forward pointed limbs

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56
Q

amphibian ancestral characteristics (tadpoles)

A

back to water to reproduce, tail fin, gills to lungs, scales

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57
Q

amphibian derived characteristics (adults)

A

flat skull with neck, limbs w/ wrists/ankles, hands/feet, eye position

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58
Q

amphibian muscles

A

body muscles thin, arm/leg muscles thicken

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59
Q

amphibian respiration

A

rely mostly on cutaneous (skin) respiration, can use lungs as well

60
Q

amphibian circulatory system

A

double system:
1. lungs to heart
2. heart to body

61
Q

frogs

A

more aquatic, thin skin, webbed feet, long jumpers

62
Q

toads

A

more terrestrial, thick skin, no webbed feet, short hoppers, salivary glands

63
Q

young (tadpoles) amphibians (herbivore or carnivore)

64
Q

adult amphibians (herbivore or carnivore)

65
Q

amphibian teeth- acrodont teeth

A

sit on top of jaw, not rooted into bone

66
Q

hibernation

A

overwinter, reduce metabolism, avoids cold weather

67
Q

aestivation

A

hot and dry conditions, burrow and reduce metabolism

68
Q

urodela

A

tailed amphibians, newts and salamanders

69
Q

newts

A

more aquatic

70
Q

salamanders

A

more terrestrial

71
Q

types of amniotic eggs

A
  1. cleidoic egg: membranes produced by mother, leathery or calcium shell
  2. non-cleidoic egg: gelatinous egg
72
Q

4 layers of amniotic eggs

A
  1. amnion- fluid filled sac
  2. chorion- gas exchange
  3. allantois- store waste
  4. yolk- nutrients, blood
73
Q

types of extinct reptiles

A
  1. saurischian- x-shaped hip bones
  2. ornithischian- parallel hip bones
74
Q

extinct reptiles- theropods

A

bipeatal carnivores, what birds evolved from

75
Q

extinct reptiles- sauropods

A

long necks and tails, walk on 4 legs

76
Q

extinct reptiles- ornithopods

A

duckbill dinos, have beaks (no teeth)

77
Q

extinct reptiles- pachycephalosaurs

A

thick dome shaped skull

78
Q

extinct reptiles- ceropoda

A

horned dinos

79
Q

extinct reptiles- ankylosaurs

A

spikes on body and clubbed tail

80
Q

extinct reptiles- stegosaurs

A

spikes on tail, plates on body

81
Q

extinct reptiles- pterosaur

A

flying reptiles

82
Q

extinct reptiles- plesiosaur

A

aquatic, long necked, flippers

83
Q

extinct reptiles- ichthyosaur

A

aquatic, use fins

84
Q

extinct reptiles- mosasaur

A

aquatic, large apex predators, short neck

85
Q

3 types of testudines

A
  1. turtles- marine
  2. terrapin- freshwater
  3. tortoises- terrestrial
86
Q

snake sensory structures- jacobsen’s organ

A

smell, inside the mouth, use tongue to smell

87
Q

snake sensory structures- eyesight

A

can see UV

88
Q

snake sensory structures- pit organ

A

infrared heat detector

89
Q

snake sensory structures- scutes

A

large parallel scales, used for movement

90
Q

snake sensory structures- sound

A

all snakes are deaf

91
Q

crocodile

A

marine and freshwater, top and bottom teeth visible, slender snout

92
Q

alligator

A

all freshwater, vocalizations, top teeth visible, blunt snout

93
Q

birds- paleognath

A

fused palate, used mainly for feeding, ratite

94
Q

birds- neognath

A

flexible beaks, have jointed bones, carinate and tinamous

95
Q

ratite

A

flightless birds

96
Q

carinate

A

very good fliers

97
Q

tinamous

A

poor fliers

98
Q

birds derived characters

A

endothermic, keeled sternum, wings/flight feathers, 1 respiratory cycle w/ 2 breaths, synsacrum (fused thoracic, lumbar, sacral vertebra)

99
Q

birds respiratory cycle

A
  1. first inhalation- air into posterior air sacs and last 1/4 of lungs
  2. first exhalation- air flows out of posterior air sacs and into lungs
  3. second inhalation- air goes into anterior air sacs
  4. second exhalation- air flows out of bird
100
Q

feather structure- spathe

A

blade of feather

101
Q

feather structure- vane

A

one side of feather

102
Q

feather structure- calamus

A

hollow base/stem

103
Q

feather structure- rachis

A

solid, holds vanes

104
Q

feather structure- barbs

A

diagonal projections off rachis

105
Q

feather structure- barbules

A

interlock barbs into place

106
Q

types of feathers- primary flight feathers

A

on hand of bird, propellers

107
Q

types of feathers- secondary flight feathers

A

on arm bones, provide lift

108
Q

types of feathers- tail feathers

109
Q

types of feathers- filoplume

A

sometimes sensory, display feathers

110
Q

types of feathers- bristles

A

sensory feather, no barbs, calamus and rachis only

111
Q

types of feathers- contour feather

A

external feathers, make bird aerodynamic

112
Q

types of feathers- semiplume

A

middle layer, body feathers, gives shape

113
Q

types of feathers- down

A

bottom layer, insulation, no barbules

114
Q

birds digestive system- crop

A

pouch in esophagus, used for food storage

115
Q

birds digestive system- proventriculus

A

glandular stomach, narrow part

116
Q

birds digestive system- ventriculus

A

gizzard, wider part of stomach, where small pebbles live to help with digestion

117
Q

derived characteristics of mammals

A

3 middle ear bones, 1 solid mandible
hair, mammary glands, sweat and lymph glands, placenta, long palate, muscular diaphragm

118
Q

teeth- heterodont

A

mammals, different shapes

119
Q

teeth- homodont

A

other verts, same shapes

120
Q

teeth- diphyodont

A

mammals, 2 sets of teeth, replace once

121
Q

teeth- polyphyodonts

A

other verts, replace teeth throughout life

122
Q

teeth- thecodont

A

mammals, rooted into jaw

123
Q

teeth- acrodont

A

other verts, sit on top of jaw

124
Q

teeth- pleurodont

A

other verts, sit in a small groove in jaw

125
Q

mammals- monotremes

A

egg laying, platypus and echidna

126
Q

mammals- marsupials

A

short gestation period

127
Q

mammals- placentals

A

long gestation period

128
Q

rabbit

A

solitary, hopping, helpless at birth, burrowers

129
Q

hare

A

social, runners, don’t burrow, not helpless at birth

130
Q

microchiroptera

A

small temperate bats, insectivores or carnivores, no claws, echolocate

131
Q

megachiroptera

A

large tropical bats, all herbivores, have claws, don’t echolocate

132
Q

canidae

A

rely on jaws, don’t retract claws

133
Q

felidae

A

rely on retractable claws and jaws

134
Q

seal lions

A

front flippers for propulsion, walk, have ear flap, vocalize

135
Q

seals

A

back flippers for propulsion, can’t walk, no ear flap, covered in hair

136
Q

walruses

A

both front and back flippers for propulsion, males have long tusks

137
Q

dolphins

A

long beak slender body

138
Q

porpoise

A

no beak stocky body

139
Q

odontoceti

A

1 blow hole, olfactory absent
dolphins, porpoise, sperm whales, orca

140
Q

mysticetes

A

no teeth, have baleen to filter feed, 2 blow holes
humpback whales, grey whales, blue whales

141
Q

horns

A

permanent, core of bone, surrounded by keratin, never branch, male and female

142
Q

antlers

A

shed, all bone, branch, only males

143
Q

new world monkeys- platyrrhine

A

flat broad nose, prehensile tails (used for manipulation), monogamous

144
Q

old world monkeys- catarrhine

A

down sloped nose, no prehensile tails, polygynous

145
Q

atriodactyl orgs

A

even number of toes

146
Q

perissodactyl org

A

odd number of toes

147
Q

hominoids

A

great apes, resemble humans, larger, bigger brains, no tails

Organismal Biology (4 decks)

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