Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Properties of life
A
cellular organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, homeostasis, reproduction, evolution, heredity
2
Q
Property of life that only living things have
A
heredity
3
Q
hierarchy of life
A
atom, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism, population, species, community, ecosystem, biosphere
4
Q
Observation
A
usually in a lab, to carefully watch and think
5
Q
direct observation
A
uses senses
6
Q
indirect observation
A
uses tools
7
Q
hypothesis
A
more than a question, testable/falsified and a prediction
8
Q
theory
A
organized set of facts that are accepted for the time being
9
Q
Biological Qs- proximate
A
how qs, proximy (close in time), immediate cause and effect
10
Q
Biological Qs- ontogenetic
A
growth qs, a sequence or delayed effect (not immediate)
11
Q
Biological Qs- phylogenetic
A
heredity/ancestry qs, closely related ancestral species
12
Q
Biological Qs- functional/ultimate
A
why qs, survival and reproduction (adaptations)
13
Q
genes
A
sequence of DNA used to make an RNA copy, might be used to make a protein
14
Q
alleles
A
alternative versions of the same gene
15
Q
genome
A
sequence of all DNA in cells
16
Q
genotype
A
sequence of DNA used to construct an organism
17
Q
genetics
A
transcription and translation
18
Q
genomics
A
comparison of DNA (between individuals or species)
19
Q
autosomes
A
numbered chromosomes, minor role in sex determination
20
Q
sex chromosomes
A
lettered chromosomes, major role in sex determination
21
Q
gonochoristic animals
A
separate sexes (male and female)
22
Q
dioecious plants
A
separate sexes (male and female)
23
Q
hermaphrodites
A
animals that are both male and female
24
Q
monoecious
A
plants that are both male and female
25
concurrent hermaphrodites
male and female at the same time
26
sequential hermaphrodites
male and female at different types
27
asexual reproduction
unfertilized eggs begin to develop
28
parthenogenesis
when an unfertilized animal gamete begins to develop
29
apomixis
when an unfertilized plant gamete begins to develop
30
group selection
when whole species are selected
31
macroevolution
evolution of species over geologic time
32
microevolution
changes in gene frequencies over time
33
founder effect
part of population is isolated from parent population
34
bottleneck effect
survivors of parent population (a ton die off, few survivors)
35
5 observable facts of natural selection
1. all organisms have great potential for reproduction
2. natural populations do not continuously increase in size
3. natural resources are limited
4. all organisms show random variation
5. some variation is inherited
36
3 logical consequences of natural selection
1. struggle for existence (competition to avoid starvation, dehydration, being eaten, diseased, or unmated)
2. survival is non-random (survival of the fittest)
3. over time isolated populations change and become new species
37
directional selection
favors one extreme, produces adaptations
38
diversifying selection
favors both extremes, creates speciation
39
stabilizing selection
disfavors both extremes, conserves DNA sequences, background selection (occurs all the time)
40
frequency dependent selection
rare genes come to have a selective advantage
41
kin selection
lowers chances of personal survival but increases chances of a relatives survival and reproduction
42
sexual selection
selection of traits that increase your reproduction but decrease your survival
43
ultimate target of natural selection
genes/DNA
44
immediate target of natural selection
individuals
45
homology
traits that are similar because they share a common ancestor
46
convergence
traits that are similar but do not share a common ancestor
47
feral species
domesticated animals return to the wild and to their natural form
48
vestigial traits
all species have, ancient and now useless traits
49
atavisms
few organisms have, mutations that cause the reappearance of an ancient trait
50
Hardy-Weinberg hypothesis
if evolutionary forces aren't working, the gene won't evolve (will be in HW equilibrium)
51
Hardy-Weinberg evolutionary forces
1. diploid sexually reproducing organism
2. large population size
3. no mutation
4. no gene flow
5. no natural selection
52
positive assortative mating
non random mating, mating with similar (like) individuals
53
negative assortative mating
non random mating, mating with dissimilar (unlike/opposite) individuals
54
identifying species: morphological species concept
identifies based on similar structure and function only, asexually reproducing species
55
identifying species: biological species concept
sexually reproducing species, identifies based on:
1. A gene pool
2. fertile offspring
3. reproductive barriers (prezygotic or postzygotic)
56
postzygotic barrier: hybrid inviability
embryos fail (miscarriage)
57
postzygotic barrier: hybrid sterility
adult offspring is sterile/can't reproduce
58
postzygotic barrier: hybrid breakdown
offspring die young
59
allopatric speciation
populations become geographically isolated, makes new species
60
sympatric speciation
new speices arise in the same range (not separated)
61
divergent tectonic plates
makes rifts, fill with water
62
convergent tectonic plates
makes mountains
63
continental islands
break/form from continents, has the same species as the continent
64
oceanic islands
come from volcanoes, ocean acts as a species filter
65
Main source of evidence for evolution
living organisms, NOT FOSSILS
66
background extinction
occurring all the time at a very low level, caused by changes in temperature and moisture
67
mass extinction
more than 50% of all species go extinct, happens suddenly, caused by intense volcanism or impacts by asteroids
68
binomial method of naming
First Name Capitalized Generic Name
Second Name Lower Case Specific Name
69
Taxonomic hierarchy
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
70
domain
DNA, RNA, organelles
71
kingdom
overall lifestyle difference (autotrophs, heterotrophs) (uni/multicellular)
72
phylum
body plan
73
class
layout of organ systems
74
order
subjective rules, based on taxonomist expertise
75
family
sharing most characters (look very similar)
76
genus
may interbreed within same genera, will have non fertile offspring
77
species
always make fertile offspring
78
subspecies
geographically isolated, but can still interbreed
79
simple varieties
minor heritable differences (coat color, horn length)
80
acquired varieties
minor acquired differences (diet, temperature)
81
systematics
no rules- rely on expertise, logic, and intuition to determine species relationships
82
cladistics
well defined procedures for determining species relathionships
83
symplesiomorphy
shared ancestral character
84
synapomorphy
derived trait shared by ancestral and descendant speices
85
autapomorphy
unique derived trait in one descendant species
86
stem groups
extinct ancestors
87
crown groups
extant (alive) ancestors
88
cladogram
time is not represented, derived characters have explained divergence
89
phylogram
shows time based on branch lengths
90
root of a tree
oldest group, outgroup, ancestral group
91
node of a tree
branch point, shows divergence
92
species tree
follows lineage of species
93
genetic tree
follows where genes mutate
94
adaptive radiation
new species quickly come about, usually after mass extinction
95
sister taxa
2 species that come from a recent common ancestor
96
polytomy
one species gives rise to more than two new species
97
clade
ancestry or lineage of 1 species (1 line on a tree)
98
Monoplyletic group
shows correct relationship among species in a cladogram, all species share a common ancestor
99
paraphyletic group
mistake, show incomplete group of species in a cladogram, leaves out a species that should be included
100
polyphyletic group
shows species with different common ancestors in a cladogram, mistake due to convergence
101
anagenesis
a change in 1 lineage only (doesn't diverge)
102
cladogenesis
splitting of a lineage into 2 (does diverge)
103
6 kingdoms of life
1. eubacteria
2. archea
3. protists
4. fungi
5. plants
6. animals
104
Prokaryotes
Smaller cells
DNA: circular, no introns, operons
No organelles
Flagellin rotates
Cell walls
Unicellular/colonial
Divide by fission
105
Eukaryotes
Larger cells
DNA: Linear, introns, no operons
Has organelles
Tubulin waves
Cell walls (plants + fungi) or cytoskeletons (animals)
Multicellular
Divide by mitosis and meiosis
106
algae
photosynthetic protists
107
protozoan
non photosynthetic
108
mixotrophs
are a combination of photosynthetic and non photosynthetic, can eat and make their own food
109
Cyanobacterium is where we get ...
chloroplasts (endosymbiosis)
110
red algae were engulfed in endosymbiosis to create ...
chromalveolates
111
ancestor of all algae and plants
cyanobacterium
112
green algae were engulfed in endosymbiosis to create ...
euglenids
113
symbiotic theory
-endosymbiosis, not true multicellularity
-one cell lives inside another
114
coenocytic theory
-some fungi and slime molds
-nucleus of 1 cell replicates its nucleus and forms a membrane around each nucleus
115
aggregative theory
-some fungi and slime molds
-non-sister cells come together to form a multicellular organism, usually only an emergency response
116
clonal theory
-plants and animals
-sister cells (clonal cells) come together to form an organism
117
Facultative multicellular organisms
colony of cells that are not dependent on one another
118
Obligate multicellular organisms
eukaryotes only, are cells that depend on one another
119
criteria for multicellularity
1. Adherence (connect together)
2. Communication (respond to chemical signals)
3. Dependent on each other
4. Differentiation (switching genes on or off)
120
Ectoplasm
just underneath the cell membrane, thick gel that provides support
121
endoplasm
thin, watery, cytoplasm
122
Excavata unique characteristics
Cytostome feeding groove
Atypical, lost, or reduced mitochondria
123
Euglenids
excavata that are mixotrophs, have atypical mitochondria
124
Algae alternation of generations
Biphasic life cycle, start with sporophytes (2n) which become gametophytes (n)
125
sporophyte
diploid, go through meiosis to produce spores which germinate into gametophytes
126
gametophytes
haploid, go through mitosis, will produce sporophytes
127
ancestor of all land plants
green algae
128
green algae
colonial, unicellular, or obligate (true multicellular)
129
red algae
mostly colonial species, few unicellular
130
Red algae unique characteristic
double cell walls
131
Brown algae
all multicellular
132
yellow/gold algae
unicellular
133
Diatoms
marine yellow algae, most abundant marine photosynthesizer (1/2 of ocean production, 20-30% of O2)
134
Dinoflagellates
-Yellow/gold algae
-Zooxanthellae (form symbiotic relationship w/ marine life)
-Bioluminescence
135
Ciliates unique characteristics
heterokaryotic (have micro and macro nuclei)
136
Plasmodium
Responsible for malaria through sporozoites and merozoites
137
sporozoite
injected by mosquito bites into blood stream, enters liver cells
138
merozoite
exits liver cells, enters RBCs and feeds on hemoglobin (where symptoms appear), goes through mitosis and meiosis
139
radiolarian
1. spiky internal silica skeletons
2. fixed axopodia (rays of amoeba)
140
foraminifera
1. smooth external calcium carbonate tests
2. flowing and merging reticulopodia (branches of amoeba)
141
heliozoans
freshwater amoebas, make external silica test
142
gymnamoeba
naked amoeba (no test)
143
cercozoan
amoebas with flagella
144
pseudopodia
slowest amoeba, extend cell membrane for movement/feeding
145
lobopodia feeding
thick extensions of amoeba, mass movement of part of cell
146
filopodia feeding
thin extensions of amoeba
147
reticulopodia feeding
branches of amoeba
148
axopodia feeding
fixed, permanent rays of amoeba
149
Unicellular slime molds are haploid or diploid
haploid
150
multicellular slime molds are haploid or diploid
diploid
151
nucleariids
amoebas, ancestors of fungi
152
first single celled fungi
chytrids
153
choanoflagellates
can live in multicellular colonies, ancestor of all animals
