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Organismal Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Properties of life

A

cellular organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, homeostasis, reproduction, evolution, heredity

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2
Q

Property of life that only living things have

A

heredity

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3
Q

hierarchy of life

A

atom, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism, population, species, community, ecosystem, biosphere

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4
Q

Observation

A

usually in a lab, to carefully watch and think

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5
Q

direct observation

A

uses senses

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6
Q

indirect observation

A

uses tools

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7
Q

hypothesis

A

more than a question, testable/falsified and a prediction

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8
Q

theory

A

organized set of facts that are accepted for the time being

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9
Q

Biological Qs- proximate

A

how qs, proximy (close in time), immediate cause and effect

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10
Q

Biological Qs- ontogenetic

A

growth qs, a sequence or delayed effect (not immediate)

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11
Q

Biological Qs- phylogenetic

A

heredity/ancestry qs, closely related ancestral species

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12
Q

Biological Qs- functional/ultimate

A

why qs, survival and reproduction (adaptations)

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13
Q

genes

A

sequence of DNA used to make an RNA copy, might be used to make a protein

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14
Q

alleles

A

alternative versions of the same gene

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15
Q

genome

A

sequence of all DNA in cells

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16
Q

genotype

A

sequence of DNA used to construct an organism

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17
Q

genetics

A

transcription and translation

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18
Q

genomics

A

comparison of DNA (between individuals or species)

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19
Q

autosomes

A

numbered chromosomes, minor role in sex determination

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20
Q

sex chromosomes

A

lettered chromosomes, major role in sex determination

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21
Q

gonochoristic animals

A

separate sexes (male and female)

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22
Q

dioecious plants

A

separate sexes (male and female)

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23
Q

hermaphrodites

A

animals that are both male and female

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24
Q

monoecious

A

plants that are both male and female

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25
Q

concurrent hermaphrodites

A

male and female at the same time

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26
Q

sequential hermaphrodites

A

male and female at different types

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27
Q

asexual reproduction

A

unfertilized eggs begin to develop

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28
Q

parthenogenesis

A

when an unfertilized animal gamete begins to develop

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29
Q

apomixis

A

when an unfertilized plant gamete begins to develop

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30
Q

group selection

A

when whole species are selected

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31
Q

macroevolution

A

evolution of species over geologic time

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32
Q

microevolution

A

changes in gene frequencies over time

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33
Q

founder effect

A

part of population is isolated from parent population

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34
Q

bottleneck effect

A

survivors of parent population (a ton die off, few survivors)

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35
Q

5 observable facts of natural selection

A
  1. all organisms have great potential for reproduction
  2. natural populations do not continuously increase in size
  3. natural resources are limited
  4. all organisms show random variation
  5. some variation is inherited
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36
Q

3 logical consequences of natural selection

A
  1. struggle for existence (competition to avoid starvation, dehydration, being eaten, diseased, or unmated)
  2. survival is non-random (survival of the fittest)
  3. over time isolated populations change and become new species
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37
Q

directional selection

A

favors one extreme, produces adaptations

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38
Q

diversifying selection

A

favors both extremes, creates speciation

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39
Q

stabilizing selection

A

disfavors both extremes, conserves DNA sequences, background selection (occurs all the time)

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40
Q

frequency dependent selection

A

rare genes come to have a selective advantage

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41
Q

kin selection

A

lowers chances of personal survival but increases chances of a relatives survival and reproduction

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42
Q

sexual selection

A

selection of traits that increase your reproduction but decrease your survival

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43
Q

ultimate target of natural selection

A

genes/DNA

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44
Q

immediate target of natural selection

A

individuals

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45
Q

homology

A

traits that are similar because they share a common ancestor

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46
Q

convergence

A

traits that are similar but do not share a common ancestor

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47
Q

feral species

A

domesticated animals return to the wild and to their natural form

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48
Q

vestigial traits

A

all species have, ancient and now useless traits

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49
Q

atavisms

A

few organisms have, mutations that cause the reappearance of an ancient trait

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50
Q

Hardy-Weinberg hypothesis

A

if evolutionary forces aren’t working, the gene won’t evolve (will be in HW equilibrium)

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51
Q

Hardy-Weinberg evolutionary forces

A
  1. diploid sexually reproducing organism
  2. large population size
  3. no mutation
  4. no gene flow
  5. no natural selection
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52
Q

positive assortative mating

A

non random mating, mating with similar (like) individuals

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53
Q

negative assortative mating

A

non random mating, mating with dissimilar (unlike/opposite) individuals

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54
Q

identifying species: morphological species concept

A

identifies based on similar structure and function only, asexually reproducing species

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55
Q

identifying species: biological species concept

A

sexually reproducing species, identifies based on:
1. A gene pool
2. fertile offspring
3. reproductive barriers (prezygotic or postzygotic)

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56
Q

postzygotic barrier: hybrid inviability

A

embryos fail (miscarriage)

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57
Q

postzygotic barrier: hybrid sterility

A

adult offspring is sterile/can’t reproduce

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58
Q

postzygotic barrier: hybrid breakdown

A

offspring die young

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59
Q

allopatric speciation

A

populations become geographically isolated, makes new species

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60
Q

sympatric speciation

A

new speices arise in the same range (not separated)

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61
Q

divergent tectonic plates

A

makes rifts, fill with water

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62
Q

convergent tectonic plates

A

makes mountains

63
Q

continental islands

A

break/form from continents, has the same species as the continent

64
Q

oceanic islands

A

come from volcanoes, ocean acts as a species filter

65
Q

Main source of evidence for evolution

A

living organisms, NOT FOSSILS

66
Q

background extinction

A

occurring all the time at a very low level, caused by changes in temperature and moisture

67
Q

mass extinction

A

more than 50% of all species go extinct, happens suddenly, caused by intense volcanism or impacts by asteroids

68
Q

binomial method of naming

A

First Name Capitalized Generic Name
Second Name Lower Case Specific Name

69
Q

Taxonomic hierarchy

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

70
Q

domain

A

DNA, RNA, organelles

71
Q

kingdom

A

overall lifestyle difference (autotrophs, heterotrophs) (uni/multicellular)

72
Q

phylum

73
Q

class

A

layout of organ systems

74
Q

order

A

subjective rules, based on taxonomist expertise

75
Q

family

A

sharing most characters (look very similar)

76
Q

genus

A

may interbreed within same genera, will have non fertile offspring

77
Q

species

A

always make fertile offspring

78
Q

subspecies

A

geographically isolated, but can still interbreed

79
Q

simple varieties

A

minor heritable differences (coat color, horn length)

80
Q

acquired varieties

A

minor acquired differences (diet, temperature)

81
Q

systematics

A

no rules- rely on expertise, logic, and intuition to determine species relationships

82
Q

cladistics

A

well defined procedures for determining species relathionships

83
Q

symplesiomorphy

A

shared ancestral character

84
Q

synapomorphy

A

derived trait shared by ancestral and descendant speices

85
Q

autapomorphy

A

unique derived trait in one descendant species

86
Q

stem groups

A

extinct ancestors

87
Q

crown groups

A

extant (alive) ancestors

88
Q

cladogram

A

time is not represented, derived characters have explained divergence

89
Q

phylogram

A

shows time based on branch lengths

90
Q

root of a tree

A

oldest group, outgroup, ancestral group

91
Q

node of a tree

A

branch point, shows divergence

92
Q

species tree

A

follows lineage of species

93
Q

genetic tree

A

follows where genes mutate

94
Q

adaptive radiation

A

new species quickly come about, usually after mass extinction

95
Q

sister taxa

A

2 species that come from a recent common ancestor

96
Q

polytomy

A

one species gives rise to more than two new species

97
Q

clade

A

ancestry or lineage of 1 species (1 line on a tree)

98
Q

Monoplyletic group

A

shows correct relationship among species in a cladogram, all species share a common ancestor

99
Q

paraphyletic group

A

mistake, show incomplete group of species in a cladogram, leaves out a species that should be included

100
Q

polyphyletic group

A

shows species with different common ancestors in a cladogram, mistake due to convergence

101
Q

anagenesis

A

a change in 1 lineage only (doesn’t diverge)

102
Q

cladogenesis

A

splitting of a lineage into 2 (does diverge)

103
Q

6 kingdoms of life

A
  1. eubacteria
  2. archea
  3. protists
  4. fungi
  5. plants
  6. animals
104
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Smaller cells
DNA: circular, no introns, operons
No organelles
Flagellin rotates
Cell walls
Unicellular/colonial
Divide by fission

105
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Larger cells
DNA: Linear, introns, no operons
Has organelles
Tubulin waves
Cell walls (plants + fungi) or cytoskeletons (animals)
Multicellular
Divide by mitosis and meiosis

106
Q

algae

A

photosynthetic protists

107
Q

protozoan

A

non photosynthetic

108
Q

mixotrophs

A

are a combination of photosynthetic and non photosynthetic, can eat and make their own food

109
Q

Cyanobacterium is where we get …

A

chloroplasts (endosymbiosis)

110
Q

red algae were engulfed in endosymbiosis to create …

A

chromalveolates

111
Q

ancestor of all algae and plants

A

cyanobacterium

112
Q

green algae were engulfed in endosymbiosis to create …

113
Q

symbiotic theory

A

-endosymbiosis, not true multicellularity
-one cell lives inside another

114
Q

coenocytic theory

A

-some fungi and slime molds
-nucleus of 1 cell replicates its nucleus and forms a membrane around each nucleus

115
Q

aggregative theory

A

-some fungi and slime molds
-non-sister cells come together to form a multicellular organism, usually only an emergency response

116
Q

clonal theory

A

-plants and animals
-sister cells (clonal cells) come together to form an organism

117
Q

Facultative multicellular organisms

A

colony of cells that are not dependent on one another

118
Q

Obligate multicellular organisms

A

eukaryotes only, are cells that depend on one another

119
Q

criteria for multicellularity

A
  1. Adherence (connect together)
  2. Communication (respond to chemical signals)
  3. Dependent on each other
  4. Differentiation (switching genes on or off)
120
Q

Ectoplasm

A

just underneath the cell membrane, thick gel that provides support

121
Q

endoplasm

A

thin, watery, cytoplasm

122
Q

Excavata unique characteristics

A

Cytostome feeding groove
Atypical, lost, or reduced mitochondria

123
Q

Euglenids

A

excavata that are mixotrophs, have atypical mitochondria

124
Q

Algae alternation of generations

A

Biphasic life cycle, start with sporophytes (2n) which become gametophytes (n)

125
Q

sporophyte

A

diploid, go through meiosis to produce spores which germinate into gametophytes

126
Q

gametophytes

A

haploid, go through mitosis, will produce sporophytes

127
Q

ancestor of all land plants

A

green algae

128
Q

green algae

A

colonial, unicellular, or obligate (true multicellular)

129
Q

red algae

A

mostly colonial species, few unicellular

130
Q

Red algae unique characteristic

A

double cell walls

131
Q

Brown algae

A

all multicellular

132
Q

yellow/gold algae

A

unicellular

133
Q

Diatoms

A

marine yellow algae, most abundant marine photosynthesizer (1/2 of ocean production, 20-30% of O2)

134
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

-Yellow/gold algae
-Zooxanthellae (form symbiotic relationship w/ marine life)
-Bioluminescence

135
Q

Ciliates unique characteristics

A

heterokaryotic (have micro and macro nuclei)

136
Q

Plasmodium

A

Responsible for malaria through sporozoites and merozoites

137
Q

sporozoite

A

injected by mosquito bites into blood stream, enters liver cells

138
Q

merozoite

A

exits liver cells, enters RBCs and feeds on hemoglobin (where symptoms appear), goes through mitosis and meiosis

139
Q

radiolarian

A
  1. spiky internal silica skeletons
  2. fixed axopodia (rays of amoeba)
140
Q

foraminifera

A
  1. smooth external calcium carbonate tests
  2. flowing and merging reticulopodia (branches of amoeba)
141
Q

heliozoans

A

freshwater amoebas, make external silica test

142
Q

gymnamoeba

A

naked amoeba (no test)

143
Q

cercozoan

A

amoebas with flagella

144
Q

pseudopodia

A

slowest amoeba, extend cell membrane for movement/feeding

145
Q

lobopodia feeding

A

thick extensions of amoeba, mass movement of part of cell

146
Q

filopodia feeding

A

thin extensions of amoeba

147
Q

reticulopodia feeding

A

branches of amoeba

148
Q

axopodia feeding

A

fixed, permanent rays of amoeba

149
Q

Unicellular slime molds are haploid or diploid

150
Q

multicellular slime molds are haploid or diploid

151
Q

nucleariids

A

amoebas, ancestors of fungi

152
Q

first single celled fungi

153
Q

choanoflagellates

A

can live in multicellular colonies, ancestor of all animals

Organismal Biology (4 decks)

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