Exam 1 Flashcards
Properties of life
cellular organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, homeostasis, reproduction, evolution, heredity
Property of life that only living things have
heredity
hierarchy of life
atom, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism, population, species, community, ecosystem, biosphere
Observation
usually in a lab, to carefully watch and think
direct observation
uses senses
indirect observation
uses tools
hypothesis
more than a question, testable/falsified and a prediction
theory
organized set of facts that are accepted for the time being
Biological Qs- proximate
how qs, proximy (close in time), immediate cause and effect
Biological Qs- ontogenetic
growth qs, a sequence or delayed effect (not immediate)
Biological Qs- phylogenetic
heredity/ancestry qs, closely related ancestral species
Biological Qs- functional/ultimate
why qs, survival and reproduction (adaptations)
genes
sequence of DNA used to make an RNA copy, might be used to make a protein
alleles
alternative versions of the same gene
genome
sequence of all DNA in cells
genotype
sequence of DNA used to construct an organism
genetics
transcription and translation
genomics
comparison of DNA (between individuals or species)
autosomes
numbered chromosomes, minor role in sex determination
sex chromosomes
lettered chromosomes, major role in sex determination
gonochoristic animals
separate sexes (male and female)
dioecious plants
separate sexes (male and female)
hermaphrodites
animals that are both male and female
monoecious
plants that are both male and female
concurrent hermaphrodites
male and female at the same time
sequential hermaphrodites
male and female at different types
asexual reproduction
unfertilized eggs begin to develop
parthenogenesis
when an unfertilized animal gamete begins to develop
apomixis
when an unfertilized plant gamete begins to develop
group selection
when whole species are selected
macroevolution
evolution of species over geologic time
microevolution
changes in gene frequencies over time
founder effect
part of population is isolated from parent population
bottleneck effect
survivors of parent population (a ton die off, few survivors)
5 observable facts of natural selection
- all organisms have great potential for reproduction
- natural populations do not continuously increase in size
- natural resources are limited
- all organisms show random variation
- some variation is inherited
3 logical consequences of natural selection
- struggle for existence (competition to avoid starvation, dehydration, being eaten, diseased, or unmated)
- survival is non-random (survival of the fittest)
- over time isolated populations change and become new species
directional selection
favors one extreme, produces adaptations
diversifying selection
favors both extremes, creates speciation
stabilizing selection
disfavors both extremes, conserves DNA sequences, background selection (occurs all the time)
frequency dependent selection
rare genes come to have a selective advantage
kin selection
lowers chances of personal survival but increases chances of a relatives survival and reproduction
sexual selection
selection of traits that increase your reproduction but decrease your survival
ultimate target of natural selection
genes/DNA
immediate target of natural selection
individuals
homology
traits that are similar because they share a common ancestor
convergence
traits that are similar but do not share a common ancestor
feral species
domesticated animals return to the wild and to their natural form
vestigial traits
all species have, ancient and now useless traits
atavisms
few organisms have, mutations that cause the reappearance of an ancient trait
Hardy-Weinberg hypothesis
if evolutionary forces aren’t working, the gene won’t evolve (will be in HW equilibrium)
Hardy-Weinberg evolutionary forces
- diploid sexually reproducing organism
- large population size
- no mutation
- no gene flow
- no natural selection
positive assortative mating
non random mating, mating with similar (like) individuals
negative assortative mating
non random mating, mating with dissimilar (unlike/opposite) individuals
identifying species: morphological species concept
identifies based on similar structure and function only, asexually reproducing species
identifying species: biological species concept
sexually reproducing species, identifies based on:
1. A gene pool
2. fertile offspring
3. reproductive barriers (prezygotic or postzygotic)
postzygotic barrier: hybrid inviability
embryos fail (miscarriage)
postzygotic barrier: hybrid sterility
adult offspring is sterile/can’t reproduce
postzygotic barrier: hybrid breakdown
offspring die young
allopatric speciation
populations become geographically isolated, makes new species
sympatric speciation
new speices arise in the same range (not separated)
divergent tectonic plates
makes rifts, fill with water