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Organismal Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cyanobacteria

A

all plants have it, where they got chloroplasts from

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2
Q

archaeplastida

A

red and green algae

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3
Q

viridiplantae

A

green algae and land plants

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4
Q

chlorophyte algae

A

unicellular and marine

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5
Q

charophyte algae

A

multicellular and freshwater, gave rise to plants

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6
Q

terrestrial benefits for plants

A
  1. unfiltered, brighter sunlight (better photosynthesis)
  2. more CO2 in the air
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7
Q

unique terrestrial obstacles

A

desiccation (drying out), shoot structural support, root water/mineral support

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8
Q

unique characteristics of plant cells

A

cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole

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9
Q

unique characteristics of animal cells

A

lysosomes, centrioles, flagella

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10
Q

cellulose

A

primary substance of plant cell wall, makes cell walls rigid

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11
Q

hemicellulose

A

strengthens and adds flexibility to cell wall

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12
Q

pectin

A

glue that holds everything in the cell wall together

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13
Q

plasmodesmata

A

opening in cell wall for communication between cells

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14
Q

plastids

A

double membrane organelles, includes chromoplasts, leucoplasts, chloroplasts, inherited from females

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15
Q

chromoplast

A

stores pigment

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16
Q

leucoplast

A

stores nutrients

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17
Q

amyloplast

A

stores starch/carbs

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18
Q

elaioplasts

A

stores lipids

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19
Q

proteinoplasts

A

stores proteins

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20
Q

tannosomes

A

stores tanin (defense compound)

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21
Q

photosynthesis raw materials/input

A

CO2 and water

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22
Q

Is CO2 ox or red

A

reduced

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23
Q

Is water ox or red

A

oxidized

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24
Q

immediate products of photosynthesis

A

triose sugar, O2, water

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25
Q

light dependent stage

A

oxidizing reaction, uses sunlight

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26
Q

photosystem II

A

first step, contains mostly chlorophyll a
converts water to O2 and H+

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27
Q

photosystem I

A

second step, contains mostly chlorophyll b
makes ATP and excretes O2

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28
Q

light independent stage/calvin cycle

A

doesn’t need sunlight, carbon cycle stage

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29
Q

carbon fixation

A

building a carbohydrate using CO2, makes triose sugar, water, and O2

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30
Q

calvin cycle

A

uses enzyme rubisco
1. fixation of CO2 to make triose
2. fixation of O2, makes ROS (reactive oxygen species)
3. photorespiratory system deals w/ ROS

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31
Q

primary metabolites

A

essential organic compounds for life of a plant

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32
Q

photorespiratory system, chloroplast

A

produces ROS

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33
Q

photorespiratory system, peroxisome

A

detoxifies ROS

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34
Q

photorespiratory system, mitochondria

A

converts ROS to amino acids

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35
Q

3 things that happen to triose

A
  1. combine to form glucose and convert to starch to be stored (day)
  2. combine to form glucose and fructose, convert to sucrose for transport to plant (night)
  3. combine to form glucose used in plant cell respiration
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36
Q

secondary metabolites- terpenes

A

used to make rubber, essential oils, herbals (protect plant)

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37
Q

secondary metabolites- phenolics

A

used to make tannins and lignin

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38
Q

tannins

A

interfere with herbivore digestion

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39
Q

lignin

A

“wood”, makes plants strong

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40
Q

secondary metabolites- nitrogen containing compounds

A

insectisides

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41
Q

monoecious

A

both male and female on same plant

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42
Q

dioecious

A

separate sexes

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43
Q

gametophyte

A

mitosis only (make gametes), always haploid

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44
Q

sporophyte

A

mitosis and meiosis (make haploid spores that become gametophytes), always diploid

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45
Q

SAM

A

shoot apical meristem, above ground vertical growth

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46
Q

RAM

A

root apical meristem, below ground vertical growth, where stem cells for root growth are

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47
Q

vascular cambium/lateral meristem

A

lateral/secondary growth (thickens plant)

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48
Q

mycorrhizae

A

symbiosis between plant roots and fungi
plants provide food, fungi provides minerals and protects plant

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49
Q

seeds

A

contain diploid embryos, become sporophytes

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50
Q

spores

A

contain haploid cells, become gametophytes

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51
Q

streptophytes

A

charophyte algae and all land plants

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52
Q

5 plant classes

A

streptophytes, embryophytes, tracheophytes, euphyllophytes, spermatophytes

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53
Q

embryophytes

A

terrestrial plants only

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54
Q

tracheophytes

A

vascular plants only, primary (vertical) growth only

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55
Q

bryophytes

A

non vascular mosses, gametophyte dominant

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56
Q

euphyllophytes

A

have true leaves (have veins/vascular system)

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57
Q

spermatophytes

A

seed making plants, sporophyte dominant

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58
Q

nonvascular plants

A

first land plants, bryophytes (mosses), only grow around bodies of water

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59
Q

seedless vascular plants

A

only make spores

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60
Q

lycophyte/microphyll

A

unbranched vascular system (not true leaves)

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61
Q

pteridophyte/megaphyll

A

branched vascular system (true leaves)

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62
Q

gymnosperms

A

naked seed plants, cone making trees, primary and secondary growth

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63
Q

angiosperms

A

enclosed seed plants, flower producing plants

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64
Q

rhizoids

A

anchor plants to ground

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65
Q

rhizomes

A

underground stems, can absorb water

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66
Q

xylem

A

1 way flow, water and minerals, made of dead cells

67
Q

phloem

A

2 way flow, products of photosynthesis, made of living cells that don’t metabolize

68
Q

node

A

SAM deposits stem cells and it becomes a bud, a branch can grow from it

69
Q

internode

A

stem with no buds

70
Q

stolon

A

surface branch

71
Q

root cap

A

pushes through soil, helps with perception of gravity

72
Q

root body

A

cells that have differentiated

73
Q

root hairs

A

lateral roots where water is absorbed

74
Q

casparian strip

A

strip of wax that prevents loss of water from root

75
Q

stele

A

vascular part of plant (xylem/phloem)

76
Q

flower

A

reproductive organ

77
Q

pollination

A

mutualism between plant and animal

78
Q

ovary/fruit

A

protects seeds

79
Q

double fertilization

A

pollen fertilizes egg and diploid cells adjacent (turn into endosperm- food for egg)

80
Q

dispersal of seeds

A

animals eat fruit and seeds, dispersed when they excrete waste

81
Q

climacteric fruit

A

can ripen after harvested

82
Q

non climacteric fruit

A

cannot ripen after harvested

83
Q

monocotyledon

A

one embryonic leaf
parallel leaf veins
scattered stem xylem and phloem
shallow fibrous roots
flowers in multiples of 3
no secondary growth

84
Q

eudicotyledon

A

two embryonic leaves
pennate leaf veins
ringed stem xylem and phloem
deep tap roots
flowers in groups of 4 or 5
secondary growth

85
Q

4 parts of modified leaf

A

sepal, petals, stamen, carpel

86
Q

sepal

A

green leaves, enclose developing flower in a bud

87
Q

petals

A

attracts pollinator

88
Q

stamen

A

male, contains anther, filament, and pollen

89
Q

anther

A

end of filament, contains pollen

90
Q

filament

A

long fiber of male part

91
Q

pollen

A

contains male sex cells (haploid), only made by seed plants

92
Q

carpel

A

female part of flower

93
Q

stigma

A

where pollen attaches, responsible for species recognition

94
Q

style

A

tube that connects stigma to ovary

95
Q

ovary

A

contain ovules

96
Q

ovules

A

unfertilized seeds, contain gametophyte

97
Q

synergids

A

2 of 7 cells in ovule, signal release of male sex cells through style

98
Q

egg

A

female sex cell, haploid

99
Q

3 types of leaf tissue

A

dermal, ground, vascular

100
Q

dermal tissue

A

outermost, mostly epidermis, prevent injury and infection, no P.S.

101
Q

stoma

A

openings for gas exchange (CO2/O2 in, water out)

102
Q

ground tissue

A

where PS occurs

103
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

elongated cells below epidermis, most PS occurs here

104
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

specialized for gas exchange

105
Q

vascular tissue

A

veins of leaves

106
Q

auxin

A

hormone necessary for life, encourages growth

107
Q

gibberellins

A

hormone for cell elongation, flowering, and seed germination

108
Q

cytokinins

A

hormone that stimulates branch growth in stems and roots

109
Q

ethylene

A

hormone for fruit ripening and when to fall off the plant

110
Q

beetle pollinated

A

strong odor (decay), white flowers

111
Q

bee and ant pollinated

A

bright blue, yellow, UV colors, have nectaries

112
Q

moth and butterfly pollinated

A

strong odor (perfume) and dark color flowers

113
Q

bird pollinated

A

bright yellow or red, large nectary, no odor

114
Q

bat pollinated

A

strong odor (perfume), white flowers

115
Q

wind pollinated

A

no color, no odor. only temperate flowers

116
Q

fungi characteristics

A

heterotrophs, only haploid cell type, not rooted, use sugar energy reserves

117
Q

mycelium

A

multicellular fungi found underground

118
Q

ectomycorrhiza

A

symbiosis on outside of plant roots

119
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizae

A

penetrates plant roots and cells

120
Q

5 major groups of fungi

A

chytrids, zygomycetes, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes

121
Q

chytrids

A

aquatic decomposers

122
Q

zygomycota

A

fruit and bread molds

123
Q

ascomycota

A

most abundant, make yeast, lichens, form symbiosis with plants

124
Q

lichens

A

symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae, can break rocks down into minerals

125
Q

basidiomycota

A

decompose lignin

126
Q

glomeromycotan

A

arbuscular mycorrhizae (enter plant cells)

127
Q

ecology

A

study of environment that selects phenotypes

128
Q

population ecology

A

interactions between members of the same species

129
Q

community ecology

A

interactions between members of different species

130
Q

ecosystems

A

how organisms are adapted to their nonliving environment

131
Q

biosphere

A

8 terrestrial zones on earth that support life

132
Q

environment

A

conditions that affect chances of survival

133
Q

resources

A

parts of environment used by an organism

134
Q

habitat

A

physical space where an organism lives

135
Q

niche

A

functional role an organism plays in its environment

136
Q

life histories

A

pattern of survival and reproduction

137
Q

somatic effort

A

grow and maintain their body

138
Q

reproductive effort

A

making offspring

139
Q

density dependent effects

A

immigration, emigration, births, deaths

140
Q

population size equation

A

n=(b+i)-(e+d)

141
Q

density independent effects

A

random. wildfire, drought, bad weather

142
Q

parental investment

A

cost to parents producing and raising offspring

143
Q

parental care

A

benefit to offspring that increases their fitness

144
Q

fecundity

A

total potential offspring

145
Q

fertility

A

actual number of offspring

146
Q

monocarpic plants

A

only reproduce once

147
Q

annual plants

A

only live for one year

148
Q

polycarpic plants

A

reproduce many times

149
Q

perennial plants

A

live more than 2 years

150
Q

r-selected species

A

cycles of growth/crash
many low cost offspring
short lifetimes
reproduce early
small offspring w/ high mortality
low/no parental care

151
Q

k-selected species

A

stable population size
few high cost offspring
long lifetimes
reproduce late
large offspring w/ low mortality
parental care

152
Q

cryptic coloration

A

gives animal camouflage

153
Q

aposematic coloration

A

warning coloration

154
Q

batesian mimicry

A

non toxic species looks like a toxic one

155
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

2 toxic species look like each other

156
Q

exploitative interaction

A

one org benefits, other is harmed

157
Q

mutualism

A

both species benefit but are not dependent on each other

158
Q

symbiosis

A

both species benefit, necessary for life

159
Q

altruism

A

within species, one benefits the other doesn’t

160
Q

commensalism

A

2 different species, 1 benefits the other isn’t effected

161
Q

amensalism

A

1 species harmed, no effect on other

162
Q

neutralism

A

species don’t interact

Organismal Biology (4 decks)

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