Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
cyanobacteria
A
all plants have it, where they got chloroplasts from
2
Q
archaeplastida
A
red and green algae
3
Q
viridiplantae
A
green algae and land plants
4
Q
chlorophyte algae
A
unicellular and marine
5
Q
charophyte algae
A
multicellular and freshwater, gave rise to plants
6
Q
terrestrial benefits for plants
A
- unfiltered, brighter sunlight (better photosynthesis)
- more CO2 in the air
7
Q
unique terrestrial obstacles
A
desiccation (drying out), shoot structural support, root water/mineral support
8
Q
unique characteristics of plant cells
A
cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole
9
Q
unique characteristics of animal cells
A
lysosomes, centrioles, flagella
10
Q
cellulose
A
primary substance of plant cell wall, makes cell walls rigid
11
Q
hemicellulose
A
strengthens and adds flexibility to cell wall
12
Q
pectin
A
glue that holds everything in the cell wall together
13
Q
plasmodesmata
A
opening in cell wall for communication between cells
14
Q
plastids
A
double membrane organelles, includes chromoplasts, leucoplasts, chloroplasts, inherited from females
15
Q
chromoplast
A
stores pigment
16
Q
leucoplast
A
stores nutrients
17
Q
amyloplast
A
stores starch/carbs
18
Q
elaioplasts
A
stores lipids
19
Q
proteinoplasts
A
stores proteins
20
Q
tannosomes
A
stores tanin (defense compound)
21
Q
photosynthesis raw materials/input
A
CO2 and water
22
Q
Is CO2 ox or red
A
reduced
23
Q
Is water ox or red
A
oxidized
24
Q
immediate products of photosynthesis
A
triose sugar, O2, water
25
light dependent stage
oxidizing reaction, uses sunlight
26
photosystem II
first step, contains mostly chlorophyll a
converts water to O2 and H+
27
photosystem I
second step, contains mostly chlorophyll b
makes ATP and excretes O2
28
light independent stage/calvin cycle
doesn't need sunlight, carbon cycle stage
29
carbon fixation
building a carbohydrate using CO2, makes triose sugar, water, and O2
30
calvin cycle
uses enzyme rubisco
1. fixation of CO2 to make triose
2. fixation of O2, makes ROS (reactive oxygen species)
3. photorespiratory system deals w/ ROS
31
primary metabolites
essential organic compounds for life of a plant
32
photorespiratory system, chloroplast
produces ROS
33
photorespiratory system, peroxisome
detoxifies ROS
34
photorespiratory system, mitochondria
converts ROS to amino acids
35
3 things that happen to triose
1. combine to form glucose and convert to starch to be stored (day)
2. combine to form glucose and fructose, convert to sucrose for transport to plant (night)
3. combine to form glucose used in plant cell respiration
36
secondary metabolites- terpenes
used to make rubber, essential oils, herbals (protect plant)
37
secondary metabolites- phenolics
used to make tannins and lignin
38
tannins
interfere with herbivore digestion
39
lignin
"wood", makes plants strong
40
secondary metabolites- nitrogen containing compounds
insectisides
41
monoecious
both male and female on same plant
42
dioecious
separate sexes
43
gametophyte
mitosis only (make gametes), always haploid
44
sporophyte
mitosis and meiosis (make haploid spores that become gametophytes), always diploid
45
SAM
shoot apical meristem, above ground vertical growth
46
RAM
root apical meristem, below ground vertical growth, where stem cells for root growth are
47
vascular cambium/lateral meristem
lateral/secondary growth (thickens plant)
48
mycorrhizae
symbiosis between plant roots and fungi
plants provide food, fungi provides minerals and protects plant
49
seeds
contain diploid embryos, become sporophytes
50
spores
contain haploid cells, become gametophytes
51
streptophytes
charophyte algae and all land plants
52
5 plant classes
streptophytes, embryophytes, tracheophytes, euphyllophytes, spermatophytes
53
embryophytes
terrestrial plants only
54
tracheophytes
vascular plants only, primary (vertical) growth only
55
bryophytes
non vascular mosses, gametophyte dominant
56
euphyllophytes
have true leaves (have veins/vascular system)
57
spermatophytes
seed making plants, sporophyte dominant
58
nonvascular plants
first land plants, bryophytes (mosses), only grow around bodies of water
59
seedless vascular plants
only make spores
60
lycophyte/microphyll
unbranched vascular system (not true leaves)
61
pteridophyte/megaphyll
branched vascular system (true leaves)
62
gymnosperms
naked seed plants, cone making trees, primary and secondary growth
63
angiosperms
enclosed seed plants, flower producing plants
64
rhizoids
anchor plants to ground
65
rhizomes
underground stems, can absorb water
66
xylem
1 way flow, water and minerals, made of dead cells
67
phloem
2 way flow, products of photosynthesis, made of living cells that don't metabolize
68
node
SAM deposits stem cells and it becomes a bud, a branch can grow from it
69
internode
stem with no buds
70
stolon
surface branch
71
root cap
pushes through soil, helps with perception of gravity
72
root body
cells that have differentiated
73
root hairs
lateral roots where water is absorbed
74
casparian strip
strip of wax that prevents loss of water from root
75
stele
vascular part of plant (xylem/phloem)
76
flower
reproductive organ
77
pollination
mutualism between plant and animal
78
ovary/fruit
protects seeds
79
double fertilization
pollen fertilizes egg and diploid cells adjacent (turn into endosperm- food for egg)
80
dispersal of seeds
animals eat fruit and seeds, dispersed when they excrete waste
81
climacteric fruit
can ripen after harvested
82
non climacteric fruit
cannot ripen after harvested
83
monocotyledon
one embryonic leaf
parallel leaf veins
scattered stem xylem and phloem
shallow fibrous roots
flowers in multiples of 3
no secondary growth
84
eudicotyledon
two embryonic leaves
pennate leaf veins
ringed stem xylem and phloem
deep tap roots
flowers in groups of 4 or 5
secondary growth
85
4 parts of modified leaf
sepal, petals, stamen, carpel
86
sepal
green leaves, enclose developing flower in a bud
87
petals
attracts pollinator
88
stamen
male, contains anther, filament, and pollen
89
anther
end of filament, contains pollen
90
filament
long fiber of male part
91
pollen
contains male sex cells (haploid), only made by seed plants
92
carpel
female part of flower
93
stigma
where pollen attaches, responsible for species recognition
94
style
tube that connects stigma to ovary
95
ovary
contain ovules
96
ovules
unfertilized seeds, contain gametophyte
97
synergids
2 of 7 cells in ovule, signal release of male sex cells through style
98
egg
female sex cell, haploid
99
3 types of leaf tissue
dermal, ground, vascular
100
dermal tissue
outermost, mostly epidermis, prevent injury and infection, no P.S.
101
stoma
openings for gas exchange (CO2/O2 in, water out)
102
ground tissue
where PS occurs
103
palisade mesophyll
elongated cells below epidermis, most PS occurs here
104
spongy mesophyll
specialized for gas exchange
105
vascular tissue
veins of leaves
106
auxin
hormone necessary for life, encourages growth
107
gibberellins
hormone for cell elongation, flowering, and seed germination
108
cytokinins
hormone that stimulates branch growth in stems and roots
109
ethylene
hormone for fruit ripening and when to fall off the plant
110
beetle pollinated
strong odor (decay), white flowers
111
bee and ant pollinated
bright blue, yellow, UV colors, have nectaries
112
moth and butterfly pollinated
strong odor (perfume) and dark color flowers
113
bird pollinated
bright yellow or red, large nectary, no odor
114
bat pollinated
strong odor (perfume), white flowers
115
wind pollinated
no color, no odor. only temperate flowers
116
fungi characteristics
heterotrophs, only haploid cell type, not rooted, use sugar energy reserves
117
mycelium
multicellular fungi found underground
118
ectomycorrhiza
symbiosis on outside of plant roots
119
arbuscular mycorrhizae
penetrates plant roots and cells
120
5 major groups of fungi
chytrids, zygomycetes, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes
121
chytrids
aquatic decomposers
122
zygomycota
fruit and bread molds
123
ascomycota
most abundant, make yeast, lichens, form symbiosis with plants
124
lichens
symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae, can break rocks down into minerals
125
basidiomycota
decompose lignin
126
glomeromycotan
arbuscular mycorrhizae (enter plant cells)
127
ecology
study of environment that selects phenotypes
128
population ecology
interactions between members of the same species
129
community ecology
interactions between members of different species
130
ecosystems
how organisms are adapted to their nonliving environment
131
biosphere
8 terrestrial zones on earth that support life
132
environment
conditions that affect chances of survival
133
resources
parts of environment used by an organism
134
habitat
physical space where an organism lives
135
niche
functional role an organism plays in its environment
136
life histories
pattern of survival and reproduction
137
somatic effort
grow and maintain their body
138
reproductive effort
making offspring
139
density dependent effects
immigration, emigration, births, deaths
140
population size equation
n=(b+i)-(e+d)
141
density independent effects
random. wildfire, drought, bad weather
142
parental investment
cost to parents producing and raising offspring
143
parental care
benefit to offspring that increases their fitness
144
fecundity
total potential offspring
145
fertility
actual number of offspring
146
monocarpic plants
only reproduce once
147
annual plants
only live for one year
148
polycarpic plants
reproduce many times
149
perennial plants
live more than 2 years
150
r-selected species
cycles of growth/crash
many low cost offspring
short lifetimes
reproduce early
small offspring w/ high mortality
low/no parental care
151
k-selected species
stable population size
few high cost offspring
long lifetimes
reproduce late
large offspring w/ low mortality
parental care
152
cryptic coloration
gives animal camouflage
153
aposematic coloration
warning coloration
154
batesian mimicry
non toxic species looks like a toxic one
155
mullerian mimicry
2 toxic species look like each other
156
exploitative interaction
one org benefits, other is harmed
157
mutualism
both species benefit but are not dependent on each other
158
symbiosis
both species benefit, necessary for life
159
altruism
within species, one benefits the other doesn't
160
commensalism
2 different species, 1 benefits the other isn't effected
161
amensalism
1 species harmed, no effect on other
162
neutralism
species don't interact
163
