Exam 4

Question 1

cell

Answer 1

a condition in an experiment; a cell can represent the level of one independent variable in a simple experiment or one of the possible combinations of two independent variables in a factorial design

Question 2

crossed factorial design

Answer 2

a study in which researchers cross two or more independent variables, or factors, and study each possible combination of the levels of the variables

Question 3

factorial design

Answer 3

a study in which there are two or more independent variables , or factors

Question 4

interaction

Answer 4

in a factorial design, a situation that occurs when the effect of one independent variable differs depending on the level of the other independent variable

Question 5

main effect

Answer 5

in a factorial design, the overall effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable, averaging over the levels of the other independent variable

Question 6

marginal means

Answer 6

in a factorial design, the means for each level of an independent variable, averaging over the levels of another independent variable

Question 7

nested factorial design

Answer 7

a study with more than one independent variable, in which levels of one independent variable are nested under, and unique to, the levels of another, higher-order independent variable

Question 8

participant variable

Answer 8

a variable such as age, gender, or ethnicity whose levels are selected (or measured), not manipulated

Question 9

interrupted time-series design

Answer 9

a quasi-experiment in which people are measured repeatedly on a dependent variable before, during, and after the “interruption” caused by some event

Question 10

multiple-baseline design

Answer 10

a small-N design in which researchers stagger their introduction of an intervention across a variety of contexts, times, or situations

Question 11

nonequivalent control group design

Answer 11

a quasi-experiment that has at least one treatment group and one comparison group, but participants have not been randomly assigned to the two groups

Question 12

nonequivalent groups interrupted time-series design

Answer 12

a quasi-experiment with two or more groups in which 1) participants have not been randomly assigned to groups; 2) participants are measured repeatedly on a dependent variable before, during, and after the “interruption” caused by some event; and 3) the presence or timing of the interrupting event differs among the groups

Question 13

quasi-experiments

Answer 13

a study that is similar to an experiment except that the researchers do not have full experimental control (ex: they might not be able to randomly assign participants to the independent variable conditions)

Question 14

reversal design

Answer 14

a study in which a researcher observes a problem behavior both before and during treatment for a while to see if the problem behavior returns

Question 15

selection-history threat

Answer 15

a threat to internal validity in which a historical or seasonal event systematically affects only the subjects in the treatment group or only those in the comparison group- not both

Question 16

single-N design

Answer 16

a study in which researchers gather information from only one animal or one person (so basically a case study)

Question 17

small-N design

Answer 17

a study in which researchers gather information from just a few cases

Question 18

stable-baseline design

Answer 18

a study in which a researcher observes behavior for an extended baseline period before beginning a treatment or other intervention; if behavior during the baseline is stable, the researcher is more certain of the treatment’s effectiveness

Question 19

Graphing interactions

Answer 19

• line graph
• DV goes on y-axis
• one IV on x-axis
• other IV represented by lines