exam 4 Flashcards
Sally thinks that she has no ability for math and will never be able to pass more advanced math courses. Which view of her own ability does she have?
fixed mindset
what is fixed mindset also called?
entity mindset
which of the following is NOT good advice for the use of goal setting with children and adolescents?
encourage students to focus on long term goals instead of short term goals
Ms. Ocampos avoids comparing students to each other, uses errors as opportunities for instruction, and emphasizes effort as the cause of learning and success. She is emphasizing which kind of goal?
mastery
Two students fail a science test. Mia explains her poor grade by saying “I didn’t try to study very hard”, whereas Bai explains her poor grade by saying “I’m just not good at science.” Which of these students will most likely be more motivated to learn science in the future?
Mia
What is attribution?
the causes that people perceive for their own and other people’s behavior
why do you think you succeeded/failed?
believe that our effort matters
Give an example of intrinsic motivation
Tyler is motivated because he wants to prove to himself that he can finish it and he wants to improve his best running time
^mindset when training for marathon
Give an example of extrinsic motivation
John is motivated because his best friend promised to give him $1000 if he managed to finish a marathon
^mindset when training for marathon
some students feel like the odds are stacked against them. they feel like no matter what they do, they won’t be able to succeed or improve. this low self efficacy can be the result of an unresponsive environment.
students who feel this way are showing:
learned helplessness
Give an example of mastery goal
Ben wants to study hard because he wants to make sure he understand his math unit- he knows he’ll need it later
^attitude about upcoming math test
Give an example of performance-APPROACH goal
Alex really wants a high score to prove that he’s better at math than his friends
^attitude about upcoming math test
Give an example of performance-AVOIDANCE goal
Carlos just wants to get a C or better so he doesn’t look dumb or get yelled at by his parents
What is intrinsic motivation?
the desire to pursue and activity for its own sake or to satisfy yourself
What is extrinsic motivation?
the desire to pursue an activity for reasons external to the activity such as getting a reward, avoiding punishment, or earning a grade
What are the four main sources of self-efficacy?
- previous experiences
last semester got A- - vicarious experience of models
if younger people can do it, I can
too! - verbal persuasion
Mom says I can do it! - physiological reactions
Sweaty Palms mean I can’t do it
what is goal theory?
people are motivated by different sets of goals
What are mastery goals?
learning for the sake of learning
goal is to develop skills
What are performance goals?
a goal to demonstrate ability by performing better than others
focused on outcome
What are performance APPROACH goals?
want to PERFORM better than others
What are performance AVOIDANCE goals?
want to AVOID performing worse than others
What is fixed mindset?
intelligence is static/unchangeable
What is another name for fixed mindset?
static view of ability
What is another name for growth mindset?
incremental view
What is self efficacy?
your confidence that you can accomplish some behavior
do you think you can succeed?
how does intrinsic motivation change over time?
intrinsic motivation STARTS out HIGH in early elementary school and DECREASES through high school
Why might motivation change with age?
changing mindsets
but can change to fixed with
failures
comparison to others shows that effort does not equal ability
changing contexts
more academically challenging
What are group differences in achievement?
Gender (girls tend to have higher grades)
SES
Ethnicity
What are the types of media?
Mass media
New Media (digital media)
age trends in media use
children from preschool to high school spend great deal of time using media
preschoolers: more mass media
adolescents: more new/social media
What are the four fears of adolescents on social media?
- parents worry about whom adolescents interact with and what type of info they are sharing
- impact on peer relationships
- impact on parent child relationships
- physical health & sleep & cognitive performance
what is nonverbal language?
communication that does NOT include words, such as posture, gesture, and facial expression
what is verbal language?
communication that involves words and speech
What are phonemes?
units of sound
a sound in speech
most basic unit of language
what are morphemes?
the smallest unit of language that contains meaning. it can include word, roots, suffixes, and prefixes
units of meaning
what is phonological awareness?
the ability to identify phonemes or the sound structure of language
What are semantics?
the study of meaning in language
making meanings
what are syntax?
the way words are organized into phrases and sentences in a language
What are pragmatics?
the study of how language is used in social context
Ex: you adjust speech based on whether you are asking a favor or giving a command
What is infant directed speech?
a style of speech used with young children that involves higher pitch, exaggerated ups and downs in pitch, slower tempo, and more rhythm than other speech
activates the child’s brain and fosters learning more
what are the five components of reading skills?
- phonological awareness
- vocabulary
- decoding
- fluency
- comprehension
What is bilingual education?
instruction that is provided in more than one language
What is self esteem?
general feelings of self worth
What is self concept?
evaluation of self in different domains
am I a “sports person”?
what is self efficacy?
confidence that you can accomplish a specific behavior
what is gender identity?
your brain, how you in your head think about yourself
what is gender expression?
how you demonstrate your gender through how you act, behave, or interact with others
when does preference for same-race faces develop?
6 months
The smallest speech SOUND unit in a language is called a
phoneme
___ is the ability to learn a new word from a single or very minimal exposure, without deliberate instruction or feedback
Fast Mapping
which of the following has NOT been found to promote phonological awareness?
having students work independently to figure out letter sounds
which of the following is a morpheme in the word predestined?
pre
which of the following is an example of infant cooing?
ooh, ahhh
a child wants the door opened so he can go out. He says “Wanna” and points to the door. this is an example of
holophrase
utterances such as “Shaquille camed late”
are examples of over regularization
when some researchers claim that language development is based upon core knowledge, they mean that
humans are born with innate language ability
a teacher notices that one student, who is an English Language Learner, often uses their home language out on the playground, but uses Standard English when they return the classroom. this student is displaying
code switching
a 5 year old wrote, “THER WOS WONS AN INVIZUBOOL HONTID HOUS” this is an example of
emergent literacy
which of the following is a common intervention for dyslexia?
training in phonological awareness
what is it called when adults speak to young children using exaggerated, high pitched speech?
infant directed speech
a set of skills, knowledge, and attitudes that are presumes to be developmental precursors of reading and writing is called
emergent literacy
problems with phonics have likely been around for as long as humans have had spoken language (T/F)
false
Whole language approaches to teaching literacy can be very harmful to children with dyslexia
true
Sara writes a happy birthday card for her mom, while Alex reads a paragraph about plants that is required for her English class homework. which best describes Sara and Alex’s activities?
only Sara is engaging in an authentic literacy activity
which of the following is the best practice for improving students’ reading fluency
students should often read orally and receive one-on-one, immediate feedback
Which of the following is NOT an example of something you should say to a preliterate child to promote early print concepts?
look at me and listen to the difference: A “bat” flies in the sky, a “cat” walks on the ground
the ability to figure out how to read or spell words you have never seen before is known as
decoding
students literacy development tends to improve most rapidly during which grades?
kindergarten and early elementary school
which of the following is Erikson’s psychosocial stage for adolescence?
identity versus identity confusion
if you have high self esteem you almost surely have high global self concept (T/F)
True
according to research, in which domain do boys have much greater self concept than girls?
appearance
let’s say that African American students who took the same test performed better if they thought it measured problem solving ability than when they thought it measured intelligence. Which of the following is most relevant to understanding the different average test score?
stereotype threat
which of the following does the textbook suggest is the bedrock or foundation for high self esteem?
secure attachment
which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to a child’s self efficacy about riding a bike?
situational interest
What is big-fish—little-pond effect?
the tendency to experience higher academic self concept when surrounded by peers whose academic achievement is lower
explain age trends in media use?
infancy: tend to have background TV
- children learn better with live interaction
throughout childhood media use increases (but switches from educational to entertainment)
Media use effect on physical development
positive: video games can develop hand eye coordination, better visual processing, increase rapid focused attention
negative: can replace physical activity, promote bad eating habits, disrupt sleep…
media use effect on executive function
shorter attention spans, limited imagination, lower verbal and reading ability, lower grades, attention problems
schools in the U.S. vs China
overall: more favorable perception of school climate among Chinese students (across all grades of middle and high school, but not elementary school)
