exam 2 Flashcards
what is prosocial behavior?
voluntary behavior that benefits others
According to Kohlberg’s model, levels of moral development depend upon
the reasons people give for why they would or would not steal the drug
5 year old Sonny has begun to understand what other people might be thinking… Sonny is developing
Theory of mind
theory of mind is important in schools because it influences students’ ability to
understand and relate to their teachers and fellow students
adolescents tend to overestimate how much attention others are paying to them, which can make them feel self conscious or nervous. This error of theory of mind is called
the spotlight effect
Which is an example of inductive discipline
don’t eat your dessert first because you won’t be hungry for the food that is more nutritious
authoritarian parents …
favor punitive measures to control children’s behavior
parenting styles are categorized based on what two dimensions?
responsiveness and control
which type of compliance should be the long term goal of discipline
committed compliance
the ability to inhibit impulses, obey rules, ignore distractions, be patient, and stay focused on a task is called
self control
what is short term goal of discipline?
to influence children to behave appropriately right now
what is the long term goal of discipline?
to promote self control
which of the following statements about dependency and attachment is true?
secure attachment liberates children and is not dependency
A one year old child largely ignores the fact that his mother has left him with a stranger and does not seem to care when mother returns. what form of attachment is this?
insecure avoidant
effective teachers should attempt what for their insecurely attached students?
disconfirm their negative internal working models
temperament traits discussed in the text include which of the following?
negative emotionality and behavioral inhibition
what is NOT a characteristic that parents who have securely attached children tend to exhibit
they tend to maintain strict rules and use harsh discipline
the branch of biology that seeks to describe the function of behavior from an evolutionary perspective is …
ethology
7 year ols is very active, curious and questioning. some parent would be annoyed, but his parents like those traits. walt’s situation shows a high degree of what?
goodness of fit
the textbook describes a cohort effect in personality as an example of the influence of the chronosystem in Brofenbrenner’s model. there was a huge …. in the personality trait of…. for children from 1950s to 1980s in the US
increase; anxiety
children with which personality trait tend to have the lowest academic achievement?
undercontrolled
the textbook suggests that school bonding is especially important for lower SES students, students going through transitions to new school buildings, and generally students in which academic level?
middle school
which of the following about the current level of unwed teen pregnancies in the U.S. is true?
lower than in the past few decades
children of same sex parents tend to show high rates of identification s gay or lesbian
false
elevated level of cortisol is an indicator of what
high stress
although the effect size of most outcomes following divorce is relatively small, divorce tends to have a large effect size on which outcome?
externalizing disorders, especially for boys
a researcher claims that it’s good for paretns to work because it adds income to support their child, but bad if it takes too much time and prevents the parents from spending time with their child. this researcher is most likely using which theoretical model to support their position?
family investment model
according to the text, which of the following is the least effective way to encourage parent involvement with school?
have parents sign contracts in which they commit to be involved
Openness to experience
personality trait.
curious, good self-expression, being smart
conscientousness
a personality trait.
get things done
extraversion
a personality trait.
basically an extravert
agreeableness
personality trait.
liked by others
kind, cooperative, warm
neuroticism
personality trait
neurotic people need narcotics because they are anxious
Cohort effect
society wide changes can result in personality differences in birth cohorts, or children born at one time compared with children born at another time
what is strange situation procedure
an experiment to test quality of attachment
secure attachment
ideal outcome
freely explore by comes back to parent
avoidant attachment example
home alone
avoidant attachment
doesn’t give shit about parents basically
walks up to any strangers
resistant attachment
hover near parents
addicted to parents
bad outcome… child doesn’t explore
disorganized attachment example
Ginny & Goergia
disorganized attachment
conflicted by desire to be with parents and to avoid them at the same time
what is adult attachment interview
a lengthy interview designed to determine adolescents or adults “state of mind” regarding the quality of attachment to each parent
what is the sensitive period for attachment?
18-24 months
how stable is attachment
fairly stable
possible, but not common, for people to become more secure over time
if someone is attached to parents, its a bad thing (T/F)
false… its actually beneficial
babies start out with strong attachment to one parent (T/F)
False
what is internal working model?
memories and expectations of the self & others, that influence whether child approaches or avoids others, with either positive or hostile emotions
example of internal working model
ruby gets up and goes to bathroom, she thanks stella for saving her spot… but stella did not notice she was gone. this is rubys internal view of herself
what is temperament?
individual differences in reactivity and the ability to control this reactivity
what are the four temperament traits
activity level
effortful control
behavioral inhibition
negative emotionality
what are the three personality types?
resilient
overcontrolled
under controlled
how stable is personality?
changes from situation to situation
how stable is temperament?
moderately stable
what is bioecological model?
a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment
biological core
microsystem
mesosystem
ecosystem
macrosystem
chronosystem
what is internalization
part of discipline
The child adopts the adult’s values and rules as his or her own guide for behavior. The child complies or behaves appropriately without being monitored
what is committed compliance
children accept the authority figure’s agenda as their own
even when they are not being supervised
what is situational compliance
children comply with demands, but really only when authority figure is present
Authoritatian parents
strict
too harsh
authoritive parents
warm
just right
permissive parents
not strict at all
too soft
corporal punishment
power assertive discipline that involves bodily harm to the child, ranging in severity from light spanking to abuse
effective discipline
discipline refers to attempt to correct misbehavior
victim-centered induction
the adult explains the reasons and points out consequences for breaking the rules
points out how their actions made others feel
persistent persuasion
an approach to discipline that uses induction repeatedly until the child complies, but without using power assertion
How do we test ToM
False belief tasks
social referencing
The tendency of a person to look to a significant other in an ambiguous situation to obtain clarifying information
moral judgement
how children reason about moral issues and law
moral behavior
how children act
social conventions
standards of behavior dictated by culture
moral transgression
behavior that is inherently wrong, independent of culture, and regardless of rules
