Exam 1 Flashcards
What is an experimental research design?
a researcher manipulates or controls one thing
What are the (3) elements of experimental research design?
IV, DV, control
What is correlational research design?
measures how things naturally occur (no manipulation)
What is qualitative research?
interviews and observations
what is one con of qualitative research?
may not be super generalizeable
longitudial research
one person… im in it for the long haul!
cross-sectional
multiple ages compared at once
what is correlation coefficient?
measures how closely variables are related
Effect size
measures how much more effective one intervention is than another
Reliability
reliability is repeadtedly
validity
degree to which assessment measures what it is intended to
genotype
the genes in you
phenotype
observable characteristics
what is myelination?
neurons are coated with this and it allows messages to travel further and faster
what is synaptogensis?
extreme over production of synapses
what is synaptic pruning
brain basically gets rid of information that isn’t needed… aka loss of synapses
what is the limbic system
the reward center of brain
hippocampus
memory
cingulate gyrus
involved in problem solving
amygdala
emotions
motor development
changes in control and proficiency in movement… changes in fine and gross motor skills
shared environment
factors that make (siblings) similar to each other
non shared environment
factors that make (siblings) different from eachother
what is brain plasticity?
brains ability to rewire itself
Information Processing Model
a model of cognition that focuses on how children acquire, store, and use knowledge….explains how learners use information
One characteristic of behaviorism is an emphasis on…
observable events
Dependent variable
what is being measured
Independent Variable
what is manipulated, what is changed
what is another name for the independent variable in a research study?
explanatory variable (explains what happens)
Relative to other types of research studies, longitudinal studies have a higher risk of…..
attrition
what is not typically associated with puberty?
reduction in activity level
A substance taken by a pregnant mother that can permanently damage an embryo’s growth is called…
teratogen
What theorists that we learned about have the strongest maturationist views?
Arnold Gesell
what is the term for something whose removal increases the probability of a behavior?
negative reinforcement
What is not an example of Constructivist instruction?
direct instruction
Maturationist
idea that waiting for a child to mature biologically is the logical answer
Heritability Estimate
amount of variation that is due to genes
What does prefrontal cortex do?
directs activity in other parts of brain… important in working memory and emotions
What is behaviorism
the scientific study of observable behavior… believe that behavior is learned
what is classical conditioning
creating situations that result in learning
is classical conditioning voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
who is main person with classical conditioning
pavlov (dogs) and Watson (Albert)
who is main person associated with behaviorism?
John Watson
what is operant conditioning
learning behavior through consequences
is operant conditioning voluntary or involuntary?
voluntary
what is shaping
basically just baby steps and lots of instructions
what conditioning is shaping part of?
operant conditioning
Explain constructivism theory
knowledge must be constructed by learner… cannot place knowledge into someones head
what is object permanence
the knowledge that objects that are out of view continue to exist
how much help each kid needs for each lesson is…
Zone Proximal Development
Private Speech
talking to ones self
What is social learning theory?
model behavior
what experiment is famous for SLT
bandura bobo doll
Long term memory
relatively permanent storage of information
working memory
where items are temporarily held for encoding or processing
Executive functions
the brains control of its own information processing
Scaffolding
basically getting help from masters
