Exam 4

Question 1

What is another name for a behavioral chain

Answer 1

Stimulus-response chain

Question 2

What is task analysis?

Answer 2

Breakdown of a complex behavior into S-R components

Question 3

How could you design a task analysis?

Answer 3

observe a person and record each component
ask an expert
perform the task yourself

Question 4

What are the chaining procedures?

Answer 4

Forward chaining
Backward chaining
total task presentation

Question 5

What is forward chaining?

Answer 5

First step is to teach the first S-R component and then reinforce it
next, 1st and 2nd component

Question 6

What is backwards chaining?

Answer 6

teach last S-R component first, reinforce
then second last
always finish chain

Question 7

Who is backwards chaining good for

Answer 7

early learners

Question 8

What is total task presentation

Answer 8

entire S-R chain in each training trial
prompt throughout, reinforce at the end

Question 9

What is graduated guidance

Answer 9

hand over hand prompting
fade to shadow prompt

Question 10

Who are total task presentations better for

Answer 10

for less complex chains and higher-ability learners

Question 11

What are some other ways to teach chains

Answer 11

Written task analysis: instruction booklet
Picture prompt: ikea instructions, exercises
Video modeling
Self-instructions: BEDMAS, grocery list

Question 12

What is Functional Assessment of FBA?

Answer 12

Systematic method of assessment
obtaining information about why a person emits a problem behavior
trying to assess function of behavior

Question 13

Why is functional assessment a behavior model

Answer 13

Acquisition and maintenance of behavior
3 term contingency A –> B–> C

Question 14

What are the possible outcomes of bypassing FBA

Answer 14

inefficient and ineffective interventions
harmful outcomes
Default technologies

Question 15

What information must we collect about antecedents?

Answer 15

Social or automatic via physical environment

Question 16

What information is important to collect about the behavior

Answer 16

problem behavior: objective description, measurement
existing alternative behaviors?

Question 17

What information is important to collect about consequences?

Answer 17

social or automatic
positive or negative reinforcement
what is maintaining the problem behavior?
covert/environment

Question 18

What are the 4 functions of behavior?

Answer 18

Social positive reinforcement
Social negative reinforcement
Automatic positive reinforcement
Automatic negative reinforcement

Question 19

What is social positive reinforcement

Answer 19

Mediated by others
positively reinforcing consequences
ex. attention/interaction, praise, activities, items

Question 20

What is social negative reinforcement

Answer 20

Mediated by others
termination of aversive interaction, task, activity or events, items or other stimuli

Question 21

What is automatic positive reinforcement

Answer 21

direct environmental contact
automatic consequence of behavior itself
sensory stimulation
ex. habits, stereotypy (rocking, spinning, vocalizations), self injurious behavior (SIB)

Question 22

What is automatic negative reinforcement

Answer 22

Direct environmental contact
relief from stimulus or event
ex. pain, anxiety, environmental stimuli

Question 23

What are the functional assessment methods?

Answer 23

Indirect methods
Direct observation methods
Experimental methods

Question 24

What are indirect assessments

Answer 24

starting place
gather initial information
verbal report data
no observation required
interviews, checklists, rating scales
Subjective, self-bias

Question 25

What are direct assessments?

Answer 25

Direct observations of behavior and variables
find correlations

Question 26

What is functional analysis?

Answer 26

Experimental manipulation - can turn behavior on or off
identify function
indirect assessments -> direct assessments -> functional analysis

Question 27

What are function based treatments?

Answer 27

altering antecedent variables
altering consequent variables
teaching alternative behaviors

Question 28

What are functional behavioral assessments?

Answer 28

gather information and formulate hypothesis through in/direct assessments
then test hypothesis (functional analysis)

Question 29

What are the advantages of indirect assessments?

Answer 29

convenient
quick
initial information
-description of PB, description of A and C, plan for direct assessment, hypothesis

Question 30

What are the limitations of indirect assessments?

Answer 30

No direct observations
highly subjective - relies on memory, perceptions, poor accuracy
no demonstration on function
no empirical support
poor reliability and validity

Question 31

What are the steps and considerations when using extinction?

Answer 31

Collect data to assess treatment effects
Identify the reinforcer for the problem behavior through functional assessment
Eliminate the reinforcer after each instance of the problem behavior
Reinforce alternative behaviors
Promote generalization and maintenance

Question 32

What does the success of an extinction procedure depend on?

Answer 32

if the particular reinforcer maintaining the problem behavior has been identified

Question 33

What are the functional variations of extinction?

Answer 33

extinction following positive reinforcement: no longer gets positive reinforcer
Extinction following negative reinforcement: no longer escapes from aversive stimulus, escape extinction

Question 33

What questions must you ask before starting extinction procedure?

Answer 33

have you identified the reinforcer?
can you eliminate the reinforcer?
is extinction safe to use?
can an extinction burst be tolerated?
can consistency be maintained?

Question 33

How do you promote generalization?

Answer 33

extinction must be implemented consistently by all change agents and in all circumstances in which behavior change is expected

Question 34

How do you promote maintenance?

Answer 34

implement the extinction procedure after the initial suppression of the behavior whenever the problem behavior occurs again
The consistent reinforcement of an alternative behavior that is functionally equivalent to the problem behavior