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Behavior Modification Principles > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does a graph show?

A

the occurrence of behavior over time
Compare level of behavior relative to treatment

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2
Q

What does the X axis measure?

A

time

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3
Q

what does the Y axis measure?

A

behavior measurement

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4
Q

What is a phase line?

A

separates two phases

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5
Q

What is the purpose of research designs?

A

Did treatment (IV) change target behavior (DV)
rule out extraneous variables

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6
Q

What are the conditions of a functional relationship?

A

behavior changes when treatment is introduced
only when treatment is introduced
demonstration of change is replicated

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of an A-B Design

A

one baseline and one treatment phase
A= baseline
B= treatment
not a true research design, no replication
Not a functional relationship

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8
Q

When are A-B Designs used?

A

clinical practice, self-management projects

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9
Q

A-B-A-B Reversal Design/Withdraw Design characteristics?

A

baseline and treatment phases twice over (or more)
functional relationship

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10
Q

What are some things to consider when using ABAB Design?

A

Is it ethical to remove treatment?
Possible to reverse?

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11
Q

Characteristics of Multiple Baseline Designs?

A

treatment is staggered, phases are different lengths
functional relationship
3 or more tiers

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12
Q

What are some types of Multiple baseline designs?

A

Across participants
across behaviors
across setting

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13
Q

Characteristics of alternating treatments design (multielement design)

A

Compared across two or more conditions
Conditions alternated rapidly (multiple brief replications)
Functional relationship, indicated by differentiation
Good for assessments

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14
Q

Characteristics of Changing Criterion Design

A

baseline and multiple treatment phases
different performance criteria (goals) for each phase
functional relationship

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15
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

Occurrence of a behavior
Followed by an immediate consequence
Behavior is more likely to occur in future (strengthened behavior)

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16
Q

What are the types of reinforcement?

A

positive and negative

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17
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

the occurrence of a behavior
followed by the addition of a stimulus of event (reinforcer)
the behavior is more likely to occur in the future

18
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

the occurrence of a behavior
followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus
the behavior is more likely to occur in the future

19
Q

What are the types of negative reinforcement?

A

Escape and avoidance

20
Q

What is escape?

A

behavior terminates aversive stimulus (already present)

21
Q

What is avoidance?

A

behavior prevents the occurrence of aversive stimulus (already experienced it before)

22
Q

What is an unconditioned reinforcer?

A

biologically determined
ex. food, water, heat/cool

23
Q

What is a conditioned reinforcer?

A

neutral stimulus paired with established reinforcer
ex. money, attention, praise

24
Q

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcers

A

Paired with wide variety of other reinforcers
ex. money, can buy any reinforcer with money

25
Q

Factors that influence reinforcement:

A

Immediacy
Contingency (consistency)
Individual Differences
Magnitude or amount
Motivating operations (EOs and AOs)

26
Q

What is a motivating operation? (MO)

A

Antecedent
Momentary effect, not future effect
alter potency (or value) of reinforcer
Alter occurrence of behavior
Evocative = increase
Abative = decrease

27
Q

What is an establishing operation (EO)

A

increases potency (value) of reinforcer
evokes behavior that produces reinforcer
ex. deprivation, salt

28
Q

What is an abolishing operation (AO)?

A

Decreases potency of reinforcer
Abates behavior that produces reinforcer
ex. satiation, satisfaction, adding aversion

29
Q

What are the schedules of reinforcement?

A

Continuous Reinforcement
Intermittent Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio Schedules
Variable Ratio Schedules
Fixed interval schedules
Variable interval schedules
Combined Schedules

30
Q

What is continuous reinforcement?

A

every occurrence of a response is reinforced

31
Q

Intermittent reinforcement

A

Some occurrences of a response are reinforced

32
Q

Fixed ratio schedules

A

reinforcer after certain number (x) of responses
Produces high rates of responding
pause after reinforcement

33
Q

Variable Ratio Schedules

A

reinforcer after an average number of responses
Produced high and steady rates of responding
no pause after reinforcement
Better to use, do not know when reinforcement is coming

34
Q

Fixed interval schedules

A

reinforcer for first response after X interval of time
Produces low rates of responding, with on and off pattern
Response rate increases near end of interval

35
Q

Variable Interval Schedules

A

reinforcer for first response after average interval of time
Produces steady, low to moderate rates of responding
No on and off pattern

36
Q

What is extinction

A

a behavior that has been previously reinforced
No longer results in the reinforcing consequences, therefore
The behavior stops or decreases in the future

37
Q

What is an extinction burst?

A

increase in frequency, duration or intensity
Novel behaviors
Emotional or aggressive behaviors

38
Q

What is spontaneous recovery

A

reoccurrence of behavior after it had been extinguished
Similar situations to those before extinction

39
Q

Whats the difference between spontaneous recovery and an extinction burst?

A

Burst is right after extinction, spontaneous recovery us after it has been extinguished

40
Q

What factors influence extinction?

A

Reinforcement schedule before extinction
Contact with reinforcement after extinction
S^R of alternative Bx or noncontingent S^R during extinction

Behavior Modification Principles (5 decks)

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