Exam 2 Flashcards by Kylie Floyd

What does a graph show?

the occurrence of behavior over time
Compare level of behavior relative to treatment

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What does the X axis measure?

time

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what does the Y axis measure?

behavior measurement

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What is a phase line?

separates two phases

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What is the purpose of research designs?

Did treatment (IV) change target behavior (DV)
rule out extraneous variables

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What are the conditions of a functional relationship?

behavior changes when treatment is introduced
only when treatment is introduced
demonstration of change is replicated

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What are the characteristics of an A-B Design

one baseline and one treatment phase
A= baseline
B= treatment
not a true research design, no replication
Not a functional relationship

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When are A-B Designs used?

clinical practice, self-management projects

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A-B-A-B Reversal Design/Withdraw Design characteristics?

baseline and treatment phases twice over (or more)
functional relationship

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What are some things to consider when using ABAB Design?

Is it ethical to remove treatment?
Possible to reverse?

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Characteristics of Multiple Baseline Designs?

treatment is staggered, phases are different lengths
functional relationship
3 or more tiers

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What are some types of Multiple baseline designs?

Across participants
across behaviors
across setting

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Characteristics of alternating treatments design (multielement design)

Compared across two or more conditions
Conditions alternated rapidly (multiple brief replications)
Functional relationship, indicated by differentiation
Good for assessments

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Characteristics of Changing Criterion Design

baseline and multiple treatment phases
different performance criteria (goals) for each phase
functional relationship

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What is reinforcement?

Occurrence of a behavior
Followed by an immediate consequence
Behavior is more likely to occur in future (strengthened behavior)

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What are the types of reinforcement?

positive and negative

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What is positive reinforcement?

the occurrence of a behavior
followed by the addition of a stimulus of event (reinforcer)
the behavior is more likely to occur in the future

What is negative reinforcement?

the occurrence of a behavior
followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus
the behavior is more likely to occur in the future

What are the types of negative reinforcement?

Escape and avoidance

What is escape?

behavior terminates aversive stimulus (already present)

What is avoidance?

behavior prevents the occurrence of aversive stimulus (already experienced it before)

What is an unconditioned reinforcer?

biologically determined
ex. food, water, heat/cool

What is a conditioned reinforcer?

neutral stimulus paired with established reinforcer
ex. money, attention, praise

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcers

Paired with wide variety of other reinforcers
ex. money, can buy any reinforcer with money

Factors that influence reinforcement:

Immediacy Contingency (consistency) Individual Differences Magnitude or amount Motivating operations (EOs and AOs)

What is a motivating operation? (MO)

Antecedent Momentary effect, not future effect alter potency (or value) of reinforcer Alter occurrence of behavior Evocative = increase Abative = decrease

What is an establishing operation (EO)

increases potency (value) of reinforcer evokes behavior that produces reinforcer ex. deprivation, salt

What is an abolishing operation (AO)?

Decreases potency of reinforcer Abates behavior that produces reinforcer ex. satiation, satisfaction, adding aversion

What are the schedules of reinforcement?

Continuous Reinforcement Intermittent Reinforcement Fixed Ratio Schedules Variable Ratio Schedules Fixed interval schedules Variable interval schedules Combined Schedules

What is continuous reinforcement?

every occurrence of a response is reinforced

Intermittent reinforcement

Some occurrences of a response are reinforced

Fixed ratio schedules

reinforcer after certain number (x) of responses Produces high rates of responding pause after reinforcement

Variable Ratio Schedules

reinforcer after an average number of responses Produced high and steady rates of responding no pause after reinforcement Better to use, do not know when reinforcement is coming

Fixed interval schedules

reinforcer for first response after X interval of time Produces low rates of responding, with on and off pattern Response rate increases near end of interval

Variable Interval Schedules

reinforcer for first response after average interval of time Produces steady, low to moderate rates of responding No on and off pattern

What is extinction

a behavior that has been previously reinforced No longer results in the reinforcing consequences, therefore The behavior stops or decreases in the future

What is an extinction burst?

increase in frequency, duration or intensity Novel behaviors Emotional or aggressive behaviors

What is spontaneous recovery

reoccurrence of behavior after it had been extinguished Similar situations to those before extinction

Whats the difference between spontaneous recovery and an extinction burst?

Burst is right after extinction, spontaneous recovery us after it has been extinguished

What factors influence extinction?

Reinforcement schedule before extinction Contact with reinforcement after extinction S^R of alternative Bx or noncontingent S^R during extinction