Exam 3

Question 1

What is punishment?

Answer 1

the occurrence of a behavior
followed by immediate consequence
behavior is less likely to occur in future

Question 2

What are the types of punishment

Answer 2

Positive and negative
both weaken behavior

Question 3

what is positive punishment?

Answer 3

occurrence of behavior
followed by the addition of an aversive stimulus
behavior is less likely to occur in the future

Question 4

what is negative punishment

Answer 4

occurrence of behavior
followed by the removal of a reinforcing stimulus
behavior is less likely to occur in the future

Question 5

what is a punisher?

Answer 5

consequence (stimuli or event)
immediately follow behavior and weaken that behavior in future
aversive stimuli

Question 6

What is an unconditioned punisher?

Answer 6

Biological importance, no conditioning to be effective

Question 7

What is a conditioned punisher?

Answer 7

neutral stimulus paired with established punisher

Question 8

What are the factors that influence punishment?

Answer 8

immediacy
contingency
individual differences
magnitude or amount
motivating operations

Question 9

What is motivating operations?

Answer 9

alter potency or value of punisher
alter occurrence of behavior

Question 10

What is an EO

Answer 10

makes punisher more effective
more likely to inhibit behavior

Question 11

what is AO

Answer 11

makes punisher less effective
less likely to inhibit behavior

Question 12

What are some potential problems with punishment?

Answer 12

Aggression/emotional side effects
escape or avoidance behaviors
Negative reinforcement for person punishing
modeling use of punishment
ethical issues

Question 13

What are the ABCs of operant behavior?

Answer 13

antecedent –> behavior –> consequence
three term contingency

Question 14

What is the discriminative stimulus

Answer 14

S^D
antecedent that is present when the behavior is reinforced
S^D –> Behavior –> S^R

Question 15

what is S^delta?

Answer 15

Antecedent that is present when the behavior is not reinforced
distractor
S^delta –> Behavior –> EXT

Question 16

What is stimulus control

Answer 16

outcome of stimulus discrimination training
behavior is more likely in presence of S^D
S^D exerts stimulus control over behavior, evokes the behavior

Question 17

What are the two effect of MOs?

Answer 17

value altering effect
behavior altering effect

Question 18

what is the antecedents effects?

Answer 18

alter the current probability of behavior
evoke or abate behavior momentarily

Question 19

What is the consequence effects?

Answer 19

alter the future probability of behavior
strengthen or weaken behavior in the long term

Question 20

What is the outcome of discrimination training

Answer 20

stimulus control

Question 21

what is stimulus generalization?

Answer 21

when a behavior occurs in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the S^D

Question 22

what is Stimulus equivalence

Answer 22

identify object by picture and word, emerged paths are untrained

Question 23

What is transitivity?

Answer 23

untrained but still learned how to connect word to picture

Question 24

What is the difference between respondent and operant conditioning?

Answer 24

Respondent - controlled by antecedents, no consequences involved. Elicit
Operant - controlled by consequences, antecedents also involved. Evoke

Question 25

What is an unconditioned response?

Answer 25

occurs without any conditioning or learning
has survival value
elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

Question 26

US, UR, NS, CS, CR

Answer 26

unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
neutral stimulus
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response

Question 27

what is respondent extinction?

Answer 27

present the CS repeatedly without the US (unpairing)
Neutral stimulus presented multiple times without pairing, no longer conditioned response

Question 28

What is respondent spontaneous recovery

Answer 28

follows respondent extinction
CS may once again elicit a CR

Question 29

What is discriminated Respondent behavior

Answer 29

a single CS or narrow range of CSs elicit a CR

Question 30

What is generalized respondent behavior

Answer 30

many similar CSs elicit a CR

Question 31

What is Shaping?

Answer 31

differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a behavior until the person exhibit the behavior

Question 32

What does differential reinforcement in shaping mean

Answer 32

reinforcement and extinction
one behavior is reinforced, all others not reinforced (EXT)

Question 33

What does successive approximations in shaping mean

Answer 33

shaping steps
begins with the starting behavior

Question 34

What do you do when current criterion is mastered during shaping?

Answer 34

begin reinforcing a better behavior criterion
stop reinforcing last criterion
continue closer approximations to target behavior
making it harder until you get to target behavior

Question 35

What is shaping used for?

Answer 35

new topographies of behavior
new dimensions of behavior
reinstate behavior
may occur unintentionally

Question 36

When is shaping not appropriate

Answer 36

if more efficient strategies evoke the behavior

Question 37

What are the shaping guidelines?

Answer 37

define target behavior
determine if shaping is most approp.
identify the starting behavior
choose shaping steps
choose reinforcer
differentially reinforce each successive approximation
move through the shaping steps at a proper pace