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Exam #4 Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Sir William Bowman?

A

surgeon/histologist who first described the function unit of the kidney (nephron) in 1842

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2
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A

collects waste products, concentrates waste products, eliminates waste, and reabsorbs material the body can use

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3
Q

What materials can the urinary system reabsorb so the body can use it?

A

-minerals
-water
-proteins
-other

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4
Q

how much fluid is obtained in our kidneys?

A

about 100 gallons in 24 hours

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5
Q

What is the basic pathway through from the renal artery to the nephron?

A

renal artery->renal hilus->segmental arteries->interlobar arteries-> arcuate arteries ->cortical radiate arteries-> afferent arteriole->nephron

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6
Q

What is the basic pathway from the bowman’s capsule to the urethra?

A

nephron-> proximal convulated tube-> loop of henle->distal convulated tube->collecting ducts->renal pelvis-> ureter-> bladder-> urethra

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7
Q

What is another name for a glomerular capsule?

A

bowman’s capsule

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8
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular nephron?

A

the proximal convulated tube and the loop of henle occurs deeper within the medulla

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9
Q

what is the cortical nephron?

A

placed higher in the cortex and has a shorter loop of henle

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10
Q

What surrounds the nephron loop?

A

The vasa recta

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11
Q

What is the role of the vasa recta?

A

to recycle water, vitamins, and minerals

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12
Q

How much mitochondria is needed in the PCT and why?

A

large number of mitochondria and also display microvilli (more is needed for absorption)

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13
Q

How much mitochondria is needed for the DCT and why?

A

cuboidal cells don’t contain as much mitochondria

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14
Q

What happens when the blood enters the glomerular cap bed?

A

waste and blood separate

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15
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

pertibular capillaries and vasa recta

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16
Q

Where is the juxtaglomerular cells located?

A

at the entrance of the afferent arteriole

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17
Q

Is pressure higher is the afferent or efferent arteriole?

A

efferent arteriole has higher bp than afferent

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18
Q

do the caps have high bp?

A

very high bp

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19
Q

What kind of cap is in the bowman’s caps and why?

A

fenestrated capillaries allows for plasma to leak out

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20
Q

What is the function of the podocyte?

A

wrap around segments of fenestrated caps structural support and helps caps endure high bp they face

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21
Q

What is the pressure is the glomerular cap bed?

A

60 mmHg

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22
Q

What is colloid osmotic pressure?

A

pressure that is a form of water pressure induced by proteins in the plasma that displaces water molecule

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23
Q

capsular pressure?

A

pressure expanded by bowman’s capsule pushing back the fluid in the capsule

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24
Q

Is there gas exchange in the bowman’s capsule?

A

NO GAS EXCHANGE

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25
What is glycemia?
presence of glucose in the blood
26
Why is there glycemia in the blood?
glucose transport proteins can't absorb all of the glucose in the blood
27
facilitated diffusion and passive transport is with or against the gradient?
high to low
28
does active transport require ATP?
yes, because it goes against the gradient
29
what do granular cells secrete?
renin
30
What are things being absorbed by urine?
-glucose -amino acids -protein -vitamins -lactate -urea -uric acid
31
What are tubular secretions?
urea, uric acid, and creatine
32
What is the pressure of a peritubular cap?
around 10mmHg
33
What does chronic hypertension cause glomerular caps to do?
causes them to rupture which leads to RBC
34
What is the trigone?
entry points for the ureters and exit point (urethra)
35
Where does most bladder cancer occur and why?
trigone because lots of carcinogen exposure so increasing fluids helps dilute urine
36
What is ammonia?
deamination of amino acids results in the production of amino acids
37
What is urea?
the liver converts some ammonia to urea
38
What is creatine?
formed during muscle usage
39
what is the micturition reflex?
has both involuntarily controlled and voluntarily controlled components.
40
what is aldosterone?
-produced in the adrenal cortex -produces Na and water reabsorption -maintains blood volume -reduces urine input
41
What is angiotensin II?
-reduces water loss, stimulates thirst, and increases blood pressure
42
What is antidiuretic?
promotes water reabsorption, reduces urine volume
43
What does epinephrine and norepinephrine do?
induce renin secretion by loop and DCT
44
What is acute renal failure?
an abrupt decline in renal function
45
What is chronic renal failure?
long term, progressive, irreversible loss of nephrons
46
What is nephrotic syndrome?
excretion of large amounts of protein in the urine
47
What is urinary incontinence?
inability to hold urine
48
What is kidney dialysis?
removing excess water, solutes, and toxins from the blood
49
Who is Thomas Graham?
chemist who developed modern kidney dialysis
50
What is the total body water volume and percent?
40 L, 60% of body weight
51
What is the amount of intercellular amount from total body water volume and percent?
25 L and 40%
52
What is the amount of extracellular amount from total body water volume and percent?
15 L and 20% of bodyweight
53
What makes up ECF?
plasma volume and interstitial volume
54
K levels and cell relationship
K levels are high in the cell and modest outside of the. cell
55
Na levels and cell relationship
low in intracellular fluid and high in ECF
56
How much water do we take in through food, water, and metabolism?
2,500mL
57
How many mL of urine do we excrete?
1,500mL
58
How does dehydration occur?
decreases BP -> juxtaglomerular cells produce renin ->angiotensin II -> stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors -> reduced salivation -> dry mouth -> sense of thirst
59
What is renin?
an enzyme secreted by and stored in kidneys that promotes production of the protein angiotensin
60
What is angiotensin II?
a vasoconstrictor that acts on the CNS that regulates renal activity and impacts BP
61
What is water diuresis?
the increase of urination rate caused above adequate fluid intake
62
What is hypovolemia?
When intake is below 1.5 L there is low blood volume in the body
63
What is hypotension?
low BP (initial dehydration)
64
What is hyponatremia?
low levels of sodium
65
What is hyperkalemia?
high potassium levels in the blood
66
What is the healthy pH level in the blood?
7.35-7.45 pH
67
What are some causes of respiratory acidosis?
hypoventilation, apnea, respiratory arrest, asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis
68
What are causes of metabolic acidosis?
excess production of organic acids in diabetes mellitus, starvation, chronic diarrhea, excessive alcohol consumption
69
What are causes of respiratory alkalosis?
hyperventilation due to pain or emotions such as anxiety
70
What are causes of metabolic acidosis?
rare but can result from chronic vomiting, overuse of antacids
71
Who is William Young?
researcher who discovered the organizational effects of gonadal steroids
72
What are the three gonadal steroids?
androgens, estrogens, and progestins
73
What are organizational effects?
perinatal development of sex organs @ 8-24 weeks of gestation
74
What are activational effects?
temporary effects that occur at puberty
75
What is the path of sperm in the male reproductive system?
spermatazoa in testis -> semineferous tubules -> epididymis -> vasdeferens -> seminal vesicle -> prostate gland -> bulbourethral gland -> urethra -> penis
76
What is the primary male anatomical structure?
testes
77
What are the secondary anatomical structures
everything else
78
Where does gamete production occur?
semineferous tubules
79
What are the ductus deferens?
muscular tube that carries sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
80
What is the seminal vesicle?
glands which open vas deferens near to its junction with the urethra and secretes seminal fluid
81
what is the prostate gland?
walnut-sized gland located betwen the bladder and the penis secretions provide lubrication and nutrition for sperm
82
What is the bulbourethral gland or cowper's gland?
to lubricate the spongy urethra for the passage of the ejaculate
83
What is the function of the scrotum?
regulates testicular temperature
84
What does the cremaster muscle do?
positions testes either farther or closer from the abdomen depending on temp
85
What is the pampiform complex?
vessel region serves as "radiator" and sheds heat from the arterial and has a "net like appearance"
86
Why is wearing tight clothes harmful for sperm production?
wearing tighter clothing keeps testes closer than ideal
87
Where does spermatogenesis occur?
Semineferous tubules
88
What is the corpus cavernosum?
erectile tissue that contains most of the blood in the penis during an erection (higher pressure)
89
What is the corpus spongiosum?
slightly lower pressure (so ejaculate can leave) and surrounds the male urethra
90
What is spermatoagonium?
male stem cells
91
What are the spermatogonium used for?
used to make more stem cells or used in meiosis
92
How many spermatazoa can come from one speratocyte?
4 spermatazoa
93
What is the acrosomal vesicle?
PLP sac that forms and is filled with digestive enzymes that will aid in fertilization
94
What does the acrosome do?
it covers nucleus becomes a cap for the head of the sperm
95
What do centrioles do?
organize microtubules which form flagellum
96
Where does mitochondria accumulate in sperm and why?
in the midpiece for energy for the flagella to swim
97
What is androgen insensitivity syndrome?
intersex condition, genotype is XY and phenotype female typical
98
What are secondary sexual characteristics for males?
-axillary hair -deep voice -high libido -balding
99
When is the fetus sexually indifferent?
5-6 weeks in utero
100
What is the SRY gene?
if active in protein production -> guides the gonads to form testes
101
Where is the SRY gene found?
found in the Y chromosome
102
What is the gubernaculum?
pulls the testes through the abdomen, through the inguinal canal in the groin, and down in
103
What is the parineal raphe?
a visible line or ridge of tissue on the male human body that extends from the anus through theperineum
104
What is the dartos muscle
regulates temp by wrinkling the scrotal skin
105
What is the fasica?
structural barrier that protects
106
What is the prepuce?
foreskin
107
What are the four stages of the orgasm?
excitement, orgasm emission, orgasm expulsion, resolution
108

A&P (4 decks)

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