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A&P > Exam #4 > Flashcards

Exam #4 Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Sir William Bowman?

A

surgeon/histologist who first described the function unit of the kidney (nephron) in 1842

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2
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A

collects waste products, concentrates waste products, eliminates waste, and reabsorbs material the body can use

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3
Q

What materials can the urinary system reabsorb so the body can use it?

A

-minerals
-water
-proteins
-other

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4
Q

how much fluid is obtained in our kidneys?

A

about 100 gallons in 24 hours

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5
Q

What is the basic pathway through from the renal artery to the nephron?

A

renal artery->renal hilus->segmental arteries->interlobar arteries-> arcuate arteries ->cortical radiate arteries-> afferent arteriole->nephron

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6
Q

What is the basic pathway from the bowman’s capsule to the urethra?

A

nephron-> proximal convulated tube-> loop of henle->distal convulated tube->collecting ducts->renal pelvis-> ureter-> bladder-> urethra

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7
Q

What is another name for a glomerular capsule?

A

bowman’s capsule

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8
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular nephron?

A

the proximal convulated tube and the loop of henle occurs deeper within the medulla

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9
Q

what is the cortical nephron?

A

placed higher in the cortex and has a shorter loop of henle

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10
Q

What surrounds the nephron loop?

A

The vasa recta

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11
Q

What is the role of the vasa recta?

A

to recycle water, vitamins, and minerals

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12
Q

How much mitochondria is needed in the PCT and why?

A

large number of mitochondria and also display microvilli (more is needed for absorption)

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13
Q

How much mitochondria is needed for the DCT and why?

A

cuboidal cells don’t contain as much mitochondria

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14
Q

What happens when the blood enters the glomerular cap bed?

A

waste and blood separate

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15
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

pertibular capillaries and vasa recta

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16
Q

Where is the juxtaglomerular cells located?

A

at the entrance of the afferent arteriole

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17
Q

Is pressure higher is the afferent or efferent arteriole?

A

efferent arteriole has higher bp than afferent

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18
Q

do the caps have high bp?

A

very high bp

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19
Q

What kind of cap is in the bowman’s caps and why?

A

fenestrated capillaries allows for plasma to leak out

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20
Q

What is the function of the podocyte?

A

wrap around segments of fenestrated caps structural support and helps caps endure high bp they face

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21
Q

What is the pressure is the glomerular cap bed?

A

60 mmHg

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22
Q

What is colloid osmotic pressure?

A

pressure that is a form of water pressure induced by proteins in the plasma that displaces water molecule

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23
Q

capsular pressure?

A

pressure expanded by bowman’s capsule pushing back the fluid in the capsule

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24
Q

Is there gas exchange in the bowman’s capsule?

A

NO GAS EXCHANGE

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25
Q

What is glycemia?

A

presence of glucose in the blood

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26
Q

Why is there glycemia in the blood?

A

glucose transport proteins can’t absorb all of the glucose in the blood

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27
Q

facilitated diffusion and passive transport is with or against the gradient?

A

high to low

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28
Q

does active transport require ATP?

A

yes, because it goes against the gradient

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29
Q

what do granular cells secrete?

A

renin

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30
Q

What are things being absorbed by urine?

A

-glucose
-amino acids
-protein
-vitamins
-lactate
-urea
-uric acid

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31
Q

What are tubular secretions?

A

urea, uric acid, and creatine

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32
Q

What is the pressure of a peritubular cap?

A

around 10mmHg

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33
Q

What does chronic hypertension cause glomerular caps to do?

A

causes them to rupture which leads to RBC

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34
Q

What is the trigone?

A

entry points for the ureters and exit point (urethra)

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35
Q

Where does most bladder cancer occur and why?

A

trigone because lots of carcinogen exposure so increasing fluids helps dilute urine

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36
Q

What is ammonia?

A

deamination of amino acids results in the production of amino acids

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37
Q

What is urea?

A

the liver converts some ammonia to urea

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38
Q

What is creatine?

A

formed during muscle usage

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39
Q

what is the micturition reflex?

A

has both involuntarily controlled and voluntarily controlled components.

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40
Q

what is aldosterone?

A

-produced in the adrenal cortex
-produces Na and water reabsorption
-maintains blood volume
-reduces urine input

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41
Q

What is angiotensin II?

A

-reduces water loss, stimulates thirst, and increases blood pressure

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42
Q

What is antidiuretic?

A

promotes water reabsorption, reduces urine volume

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43
Q

What does epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

A

induce renin secretion by loop and DCT

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44
Q

What is acute renal failure?

A

an abrupt decline in renal function

45
Q

What is chronic renal failure?

A

long term, progressive, irreversible loss of nephrons

46
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome?

A

excretion of large amounts of protein in the urine

47
Q

What is urinary incontinence?

A

inability to hold urine

48
Q

What is kidney dialysis?

A

removing excess water, solutes, and toxins from the blood

49
Q

Who is Thomas Graham?

A

chemist who developed modern kidney dialysis

50
Q

What is the total body water volume and percent?

A

40 L, 60% of body weight

51
Q

What is the amount of intercellular amount from total body water volume and percent?

A

25 L and 40%

52
Q

What is the amount of extracellular amount from total body water volume and percent?

A

15 L and 20% of bodyweight

53
Q

What makes up ECF?

A

plasma volume and interstitial volume

54
Q

K levels and cell relationship

A

K levels are high in the cell and modest outside of the. cell

55
Q

Na levels and cell relationship

A

low in intracellular fluid and high in ECF

56
Q

How much water do we take in through food, water, and metabolism?

A

2,500mL

57
Q

How many mL of urine do we excrete?

A

1,500mL

58
Q

How does dehydration occur?

A

decreases BP -> juxtaglomerular cells produce renin ->angiotensin II -> stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors -> reduced salivation -> dry mouth -> sense of thirst

59
Q

What is renin?

A

an enzyme secreted by and stored in kidneys that promotes production of the protein angiotensin

60
Q

What is angiotensin II?

A

a vasoconstrictor that acts on the CNS that regulates renal activity and impacts BP

61
Q

What is water diuresis?

A

the increase of urination rate caused above adequate fluid intake

62
Q

What is hypovolemia?

A

When intake is below 1.5 L there is low blood volume in the body

63
Q

What is hypotension?

A

low BP (initial dehydration)

64
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

low levels of sodium

65
Q

What is hyperkalemia?

A

high potassium levels in the blood

66
Q

What is the healthy pH level in the blood?

A

7.35-7.45 pH

67
Q

What are some causes of respiratory acidosis?

A

hypoventilation, apnea, respiratory arrest, asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis

68
Q

What are causes of metabolic acidosis?

A

excess production of organic acids in diabetes mellitus, starvation, chronic diarrhea, excessive alcohol consumption

69
Q

What are causes of respiratory alkalosis?

A

hyperventilation due to pain or emotions such as anxiety

70
Q

What are causes of metabolic acidosis?

A

rare but can result from chronic vomiting, overuse of antacids

71
Q

Who is William Young?

A

researcher who discovered the organizational effects of gonadal steroids

72
Q

What are the three gonadal steroids?

A

androgens, estrogens, and progestins

73
Q

What are organizational effects?

A

perinatal development of sex organs @ 8-24 weeks of gestation

74
Q

What are activational effects?

A

temporary effects that occur at puberty

75
Q

What is the path of sperm in the male reproductive system?

A

spermatazoa in testis -> semineferous tubules -> epididymis -> vasdeferens -> seminal vesicle -> prostate gland -> bulbourethral gland -> urethra -> penis

76
Q

What is the primary male anatomical structure?

A

testes

77
Q

What are the secondary anatomical structures

A

everything else

78
Q

Where does gamete production occur?

A

semineferous tubules

79
Q

What are the ductus deferens?

A

muscular tube that carries sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

80
Q

What is the seminal vesicle?

A

glands which open vas deferens near to its junction with the urethra and secretes seminal fluid

81
Q

what is the prostate gland?

A

walnut-sized gland located betwen the bladder and the penis secretions provide lubrication and nutrition for sperm

82
Q

What is the bulbourethral gland or cowper’s gland?

A

to lubricate the spongy urethra for the passage of the ejaculate

83
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

regulates testicular temperature

84
Q

What does the cremaster muscle do?

A

positions testes either farther or closer from the abdomen depending on temp

85
Q

What is the pampiform complex?

A

vessel region serves as “radiator” and sheds heat from the arterial and has a “net like appearance”

86
Q

Why is wearing tight clothes harmful for sperm production?

A

wearing tighter clothing keeps testes closer than ideal

87
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Semineferous tubules

88
Q

What is the corpus cavernosum?

A

erectile tissue that contains most of the blood in the penis during an erection (higher pressure)

89
Q

What is the corpus spongiosum?

A

slightly lower pressure (so ejaculate can leave) and surrounds the male urethra

90
Q

What is spermatoagonium?

A

male stem cells

91
Q

What are the spermatogonium used for?

A

used to make more stem cells or used in meiosis

92
Q

How many spermatazoa can come from one speratocyte?

A

4 spermatazoa

93
Q

What is the acrosomal vesicle?

A

PLP sac that forms and is filled with digestive enzymes that will aid in fertilization

94
Q

What does the acrosome do?

A

it covers nucleus becomes a cap for the head of the sperm

95
Q

What do centrioles do?

A

organize microtubules which form flagellum

96
Q

Where does mitochondria accumulate in sperm and why?

A

in the midpiece for energy for the flagella to swim

97
Q

What is androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

intersex condition, genotype is XY and phenotype female typical

98
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics for males?

A

-axillary hair
-deep voice
-high libido
-balding

99
Q

When is the fetus sexually indifferent?

A

5-6 weeks in utero

100
Q

What is the SRY gene?

A

if active in protein production -> guides the gonads to form testes

101
Q

Where is the SRY gene found?

A

found in the Y chromosome

102
Q

What is the gubernaculum?

A

pulls the testes through the abdomen, through the inguinal canal in the groin, and down in

103
Q

What is the parineal raphe?

A

a visible line or ridge of tissue on the male human body that extends from the anus through theperineum

104
Q

What is the dartos muscle

A

regulates temp by wrinkling the scrotal skin

105
Q

What is the fasica?

A

structural barrier that protects

106
Q

What is the prepuce?

A

foreskin

107
Q

What are the four stages of the orgasm?

A

excitement, orgasm emission, orgasm expulsion, resolution

108
Q
A

A&P (4 decks)

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