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A&P > Chapter 10- Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 10- Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Fascia

A

a band or sheet of connective tissue, primarily collagen, beneath the skin that attaches, stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and other internal organs.

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2
Q

Muscle Fascicle

A

a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium, a type of connective tissue

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3
Q

Epimysium

A
  • a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle.
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4
Q

Perimysium

A
  • sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers
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5
Q

Endomysium

A

a “wispy” (delicate and thin) layer of areolar connective tissue that surrounds each individual myocyte (muscle fiber, or muscle cell). It also contains capillaries and nerves.

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6
Q

Muscle Fiber

A

the term often used in place of a “myocyte”…. Meaning a muscle cell.

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7
Q

What is the purpose of mysium layers

A

helps reduce frictional wear and tear as muscle cells contract and relax repeatedly

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8
Q

Fusiform

A

muscles that are tapering at both ends; spindle-shaped.

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9
Q

Parallel

A

characterized by fascicles that run parallel to one another. Contraction of these muscle groups acts as an extension of the contraction of a single muscle fiber.

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10
Q

Triangular

A

a flat muscle band with a broad origin and narrow insertion. Shaped like a “paper fan*”.

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11
Q

Unipennate

A

type of pennate muscle wherein the muscle fibers or fascicles are all in one side of the tendon.

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12
Q

Bipennate

A

a type that has two rows of muscle fibers, facing in opposite diagonal directions, with a central tendon, like a feather. This allows greater power but less range of motion in the muscle group.

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13
Q

Multipennate

A

muscles having the fibers arranged at multiple angles in relation to the axis of force generation.

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14
Q

Circular

A

muscles that typically encircle an orifice or object.

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15
Q

First class lever

A

Fulcrum in the middle, load on one end, and effort on the other end. Ex: a pair of scissors

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16
Q

Second Class Lever

A

fulcrum at one end, load is centrally placed, and effort is at the other end.
Ex: wheelbarrow

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17
Q

Third class lever

A

fulcrum is at one end, load at the other end, and effort is in the center
Ex: biceps curl

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18
Q

Platysma

A

sheet of muscle tissue that attaches along the mandible and then extends out far across the upper thoracic region. Can get looser over time if not toned

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19
Q

contraction of frontalis results is

A

raising eyebrows and forehead

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20
Q

Emil Heinrich Du Bois-Reymond

A

demonstrated neuromuscular junction through electrical currents

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21
Q

Striations are visible in what muscle types

A

skeletal and cardiac

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22
Q

what are the two types of muscle fibers

A

actin fibers (thin filaments) and myosin fibers (thick filaments).

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23
Q

Why do individual muscle cell fibers have multiple nuclei?

A

because the extra nuclei enhance protein organization and production in muscle cells

24
Q

Dystrophin protein function

A

connects the border of the cluster of thick and thin filaments with the PLB and is important functionally because as the thin and thick filaments enact contraction

25
Q

most common type of muscular dystrophy

A

Duchenne’s Muscular dystrophy

26
Q

H-zone

A

the space between columns of actin fibers.

27
Q

Z-disc

A

region which is the connections that form between two columns of actin fibers and forms an architectural fiber network to position and arrange the actin fibers

28
Q

I-band

A

region which is the space between columns of myosin fibers

29
Q

A-band

A

region which represents the span of a column of myosin fibers.

30
Q

M-line

A

region which represents architectural fibers that position and arrange the myosin fibers.

31
Q

Titin (elastic) Filaments

A

allow the distal ends of the myosin a point of attachment to the architecture of the “Z-disc

32
Q

how is a myosin filament formed?

A

The myosin molecule actually has two heads (as shown) and two tail regions that “twist together”. Many, many myosin molecules will join together to form a single thick filament

33
Q

Tropomyosin

A

The thin filament (actin filament) is actually shown to be two separate strands of actin molecules (shown as the blue beads) that “twist together”. These actin “beads” are organized by the long “spaghetti-like” strand

34
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

a living tissue connection between the nervous system and the muscular system.

35
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter in the neuromuscular junctions formed with skeletal muscle.

A

acetylcholine

36
Q

T- tubules and terminal cisterns of SR store what?

A

calcium ions

37
Q

latent period

A

the period of time between when the stimulus is received and the muscle begins to generate tension.

38
Q

muscle contraction steps

A
  1. NMS releases Ach
  2. Ach causes movement of Na+ and K+
  3. Na + K cause the SR to release Ca+ to myofibrils
  4. ATP is used for muscle contraction
39
Q

Period of Contraction

A

myofibrils are actively contracting

40
Q

period of relaxation

A

when myofibrils are relaxing or elongating again

41
Q

T or F: different muscles repsond differently when stimulated

A

T

42
Q

Muscle Twitch

A

the stimulus allows for the muscle to contract and then to fully relax prior to it being stimulated again.

43
Q

Muscle Summation

A

the additive effect of multiple stimulations of the NMJ of the muscle tissue where there is NOT enough time between stimuli for the muscle to completely relax

44
Q

Tetanus

A

the muscle reaches a point of maximal contraction and will stay “locked” in that peak of contraction for as long as there is stimuli being received at the NMJ.

45
Q

Isotonic

A

visible change in length

46
Q

isometric

A

no physical change but still doing work

47
Q

Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers

A

-large # of mitochondria
-aerobic
-good fatigue resistance
-red color
-moderate glycolysis
-abundant capillaries

48
Q

Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers

A

-Fast glycolic
-don’t have many mitochondria
-store high energy molecule (glycogen)
-white/pink in color

49
Q

ratio of fast/slow twitch muscles for males

A

45% slow to 55% fast

50
Q

Increased contractile force

A

strength

51
Q

increased contractile velocity

A

speed

52
Q

increased contractile duration

A

longevity of answers

53
Q

what does weightlifting do?

A

increases size of muscle fibers

54
Q

stretching does what?

A

can lengthen muscle so it can contract fully

55
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

autoimmune disorder that causes debilitating effects due to the immune responses of the body attacking neuromuscular junctions, thereby damaging the ability of the brain and other aspects of the nervous system to regulate and control the muscular system cells.

A&P (4 decks)

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