Exam 4 Flashcards
Explain 1 difference between forages and concentrates.
Forages are higher in fiber
Write 1 example of an energy concentrate
Corn
What is the most commonly used grain in livestock operations?
Corn
Write 1 example of a protein concentrate.
Soybean meal
Define the term “meal” in the context of livestock feeds.
What’s left after oil extraction.
What is the most common protein source fed to pigs, chickens, and ruminants?
Soybean meal
Write 1 example of a non-protein nitrogen source for rumen microbes
Urea
Write 1 example of a lipid supplement.
Sunflower oil
What important mineral can be found in limestone?
Calcium
What is the most popular phosphorus supplement in livestock diets ?
Dicalcium phosphate
Write 1 example of a magnesium supplement
Magnesium oxide
What are 2 categories of forages?
Grasses
Legumes
Name 1 example of a popular legume in animal agriculture.
Alfalfa
Write 1 example of a cool season grass
Wheat
Write 1 example of a warm season grass
Bermuda
What is haygrazer grass?
Hybrid annual grass
What type of feed isproduced from an aerobic process?
Silage
Describe why diet selection by sheep is similar to cattle
Both are grazers
Name 2 critical periods of sheep production that require energy supplementation.
Late gestation and early lactation
In the context of sheep nutrition, define the term “flushing”
Add body condition score by feeding energy
What is the purpose of “flushing” sheep?
To increase pregnancy rates
How is “flushing” usually accomplished?
Feeding 1 pound of grain per day
What can sheep managers do to prevent grass tetany?
Give Epsom salt
Describe why diet selection by goats is similar to deer.
Both are browsers
If pasture conditions are poor for goat nutrition, what should the goat manager give to their animals?
Hay or silage
Name 2 critical periods of goat production that have high energy requirements.
Late gestation and early lactation
How can urinary calculi be prevented by nutrition management in goats and sheep?
Give 3:1 calcium to phosphorus ratio.
What gives ruminant animals like cattle the ability to digest cellulose in forages?
Rumen microbes
Why is it ideal to maximize grass consumption in cattle nutrition?
Cheaper to feed grass
Name 2 vitamins that do not need to be included in ruminant animal diets
B and K
When should newborn calves consume colostrum?
Asap
Name the high-quality protein found in milk
Casein
What is creep feeding?
Process of giving dry feed to nursing calves without giving access to mother
In the stocker phase, where does most of the calf’s diet come from?
Forage
Name 1 nutritional disorder that is common in stocker phase.
Grass tetany
What type of diets are used in feedlot phase of beef production?
High concentrate
What is the primary nutritional disorder in feedlots?
Acidosis
How can acidosis be prevented?
Feeding startup diets.
Why is it important to provide limestone to dairy cattle?
Source of calcium
How do dairy calves in small hutches typically receive their nutrients?
Bottle fed
What is a total mixed ration?
Mix of forages and concentrates
Write 1 benefit of feeding a total mixed ration
Prevents sorting
How does the modern method of feeding dairy cows differ from the traditional method?
Modern uses TMR
Traditional involves pasture
What gives horses the ability to digest forages on pasture?
Microbes in cecum and colon
Describe the eating behavior of horses.
Continuous feeders, small meals throughout day.
Write 1 reason why horses may eat their own feces.
Nutritionally deprived
From a nutrition standpoint, what is the primary cause of colic in horses?
Overfeeding grain in a single meal
Write 1 factor that can cause impaction in horses.
Low water intake
Describe the mechanism of how laminitis develops in horses.
Microbes that survive low ph produce endotoxin that gets absorbed and flows into hooves. They cut off blood supply to hooves and leads to tissue damage in hooves.
How can colic and laminitis be prevented?
Limiting intake of grain to 0.5% of body weight per meal
Is it a good idea to feed horses by volume with a coffee can without weighing?
No
Why is it a good idea to feed horses forage prior to feeding grain?
Forage will slow down rate of passage and prevent starch from reaching hindgut too quickly
What is a common cause of vitamin toxicity in horses?
Overfeeding commercial grain mix
Can pigs and chickens be fed the same type of diets as grazing ruminant animals?
No
What are the 2 main ingredients in swine and poultry diets?
Corn and soybean meal
How are energy requirements expressed for pigs?
Metabolizable energy basis
What effect will increasing the diet’s energy density have on a pigs feed intake?
Decrease
What is the most limiting amino acid for pigs?
Lysine
What feed ingredient can replace some of the soybean meal in pig diets?
Crystalline lysine
What form of phosphorus is unavailable without a commercial enzyme?
Phytate
List 2 amino acids that are considered essential in poultry only.
Glycine and proline
What is the recommended calcium to phosphorus ratio for broiler chickens?
2:1
What is the recommended calcium to phosphorus ratio for layer chickens?
13:1
