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Animal Nutrition > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

List 2 functions of proteins in the body

A

Enzymes
Hormones

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2
Q

What is the difference between essential amino acids and nonessential amino acids?

A

Essential cannot be made by body
Nonessential can be made by body

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3
Q

List the 10 essential amino acids

A

Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan
Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Arginine
Lysine
Leucine

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4
Q

What type of bonds link amino acids together?

A

Peptide bonds

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5
Q

Write 1 interesting feature of fibrous proteins

A

Do not dissolve in water

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6
Q

Name a metalloprotein that is found inside red blood cells.

A

Hemoglobin

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7
Q

What effect does stomach acid have on protein digestion?

A

Makes stomach highly acidic

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8
Q

What protein digesting enzyme is found in the stomach?

A

Pepsin

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9
Q

List the 3 pancreatic enzymes that aid in protein digestion .

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase

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10
Q

What happens to di-peptides that enter epithelial cells of the small intestine?

A

Broken down by intracellular enzymes to produce free amino acids

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11
Q

Name 2 organs in the body where first pass utilization of amino acids can occur.

A

Small intestine
Liver

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12
Q

What happens to unused or excess amino acids in the body?

A

Delivered to liver for break down and conversion into urea

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13
Q

Name the chemical reaction that involves the formation of an unbreakable bond between an amino acid and a sugar in the presence of heat.

A

Browning

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14
Q

Name the compound in cottonseed plants that can be problematic to livestock

A

Gossypol

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15
Q

Describe in detail the process of protein digestion in the rumen

A

1 ) dietary protein is broken down by microbial protease enzyme to produce peptides
2 ) The peptides are broken down by microbial peptidase enzyme to produce amino acids
3 ) microbial deaminase enzyme breaks down amino acids to ammonia and Carbon skeletons

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16
Q

What can ammonia molecules be used for in the rumen?

A

Used to make microbial protein

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of proteins reaching the small intestine of ruminant animals?

A

Undigested dietary protein
Microbial protein

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18
Q

List 2 ways that urea can be recycled back to the rumen

A

Diffusion from blood (85%)
By saliva (15%)

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19
Q

Name 2 types of fatty acids that can only be produced by bacteria.

A

trans form fatty acid
odd numbered

20
Q

Describe 2 differences between saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids.

A

Saturated:
- do not have double bonds between carbons
- more stable
- solid at room temperature

Unsaturated:
- do have double bonds between carbons
- less stable
- liquid at room temperature

21
Q

What is the difference between fats and oils?

A

Fats - solid at room temp (more saturated)
Oils - liquid at room temp (more unsaturated)

22
Q

How many fatty acids are found in a triglyceride?

A

3

23
Q

What type of bonds link fatty acids to glycerol?

A

ester bonds

24
Q

Of the 5 types of lipoproteins, which type are least dense (most bulky)?

A

Chylomicrons

25
Q

List the 2 essential fatty acids needed for ALL animals.

A

Linoleic
Linolenic

26
Q

Name an animal that specifically requires arachidonic acie in the diet.

A

Cats

27
Q

List 2 broad functions of fat in the body.

A

Energy storage
Protect vital organs

28
Q

Name one hormone that can be made from cholesterol.

A

Testosterone

29
Q

Describe in detail the process of lipid digestion and absorption in monogastrics.

A
  1. When fat enters the small intestine, the gallbladder secretes bile
  2. Bile will react with fat droplets to form a water-lipid interface. This is called Emulsification
  3. The pancreas secretes enzymes lipase and colipase
  4. Colipase binds to the water-lipid interface and acts as an anchor for lipase
  5. Lipase enzyme cuts 2 out of 3 ester bonds to produce monoglyceride and 2 FFAs
  6. Monoglyceride, FFAs, phospholipids, and bile salts combine to form micelles
  7. The micelles transport the lipids to the cell membrane of the intestine
  8. Once at membrane, micelles break apart. The monoglycerides and FFAs then diffuse into the intestinal cell
  9. Inside the cell, the monoglycerides and FFAs are remade into triglycerides
  10. The triglycerides combine with proteins to form chylomicrons. The chylomicrons diffuse into nearby lymph vessels
30
Q

What enzyme is responsible for triglyceride digestion in the rumen?

A

Microbial lipase

31
Q

How does microbial lipase in the rumen differ from pancreatic lipase?

A

Microbial breaks all three ester bonds, pancreatic only breaks two ester bonds

32
Q

What is biohydrogenation?

A

process of adding H atoms to unsaturated FAs

33
Q

Write 1 human health benefit of the biohydrogenation product cis-9-trans-11 CLA.

A

Decrease risk of cancer

34
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to do work

35
Q

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

36
Q

Which nutrient has the most energy (in kcal) per gram?

A

Lipids

37
Q

Write 1 function that falls under net energy of maintenance.

A

Breathing

38
Q

Write 1 function that falls under net energy of production

A

Growth
Lactation

39
Q

What energy comes after gross energy?

A

Digestible energy

40
Q

What 2 energies are lost from digestible energy?

A

Urinary
Gas

41
Q

What is lost from metabolizable energy?

A

Heat increment

42
Q

What energy comes after metabolizable energy?

A

Net energy

43
Q

What is the net gain of ATP produced directly by glycolysis?

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH

44
Q

How are NADH and FADH2 important for ATP production?

A

donate hydrogen atoms for electron transport chain

45
Q

In total, how many ATP are produced from 1 molecule of glucose? (Assume 1 NADH yields 3 ATP and 1 FADH2 yields 2 ATP)

A

38 ATP

46
Q

List 2 molecules that. can be used to make glucose.

A

Lactic Acid
Glycerol

47
Q

In total, how many ATP are produced from 1 molecule of glucose? (Assume 1 NADH yields 2.5 ATP and 1 FADH2 yields 1.5 ATP)

A

32 ATP

Animal Nutrition (4 decks)

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