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Animal Nutrition > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Why are fat soluble vitamins more likely to be toxic than water soluble vitamins?

A

Cannot be excreted in urine

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2
Q

List the 4 fat soluble vitamins

A

A
D
E
K

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3
Q

Night vision is a function of what vitamin?

A

Vitamin A

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4
Q

Night blindness is a symptom of what vitamin deficiency?

A

Vitamin A

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5
Q

Increasing calcium absorption is a function of what vitamin?

A

Vitamin D

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6
Q

Hemorrhage is a deficiency symptom of what vitamin?

A

Vitamin K

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7
Q

Which type of animals do not require vitamin K in their diet?

A

Ruminant animals

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8
Q

Which organ in the body stores lots of vitamins for later use?

A

Liver

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9
Q

Name 1 metabolic process that requires thiamine as an enzyme cofactor.

A

Glycolysis

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10
Q

Polio is a livestock disease associated with what vitamin deficiency?

A

Thiamine (B1)

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11
Q

Name the metabolic cycle that requires riboflavin as an enzyme cofactor

A

Krebs Cycle

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12
Q

Curled toe paralysis in chickens suffering from what vitamin deficiency?

A

Riboflavin (B2)

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13
Q

Name 1 metabolic process that requires niacin as an enzyme cofactor

A

Glycolysis

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14
Q

Pellagra is a disease commonly associated with what vitamin deficiency?

A

Niacin (B3)

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15
Q

Name 1 molecule that contains pantothenic acid as a structural component

A

Coenzyme A

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16
Q

Goose-stepping is a symptom in pigs suffering from pantothenic acid deficiency?

A

Pantothenic acid (B5)

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17
Q

Name a group of enzymes that use pyridoxin (or pyridoxal phosphate) as a cofactor.

A

Deaminase enzymes

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18
Q

Seizures is a symptom associated with what vitamin deficiency?

A

Pyridoxine (B6)

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19
Q

Which vitamin is needed to make niacin from the amino acid tryptophan?

A

B6

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20
Q

Which vitamin is needed to make arachidonic acid from linoleic acid?

A

B6

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21
Q

What do the 3 D’s of Pellagra stand for?

A

Dementia
Diarrhea
Dermatitis

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22
Q

What is the name of the protein that binds to biotin and decreases its bioavailability?

A

Avidin

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23
Q

Name 2 biochemistry processes that involve biotin as an enzyme cofactor.

A

Gluconeogenesis
Fatty acid synthesis

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24
Q

What is the name of the synthetic form of folate

A

Folic acid

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25
Q

What type of chemical reactions does folate participate in?

A

Methylation

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26
Q

Explain how does folate deficiency can cause anemia.

A

A shortage of folate prevents normal cell division of red blood cells. This leads to larger than normal cells and too few red blood cells

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27
Q

Which vitamin contains the mineral “cobalt” in its structure?

A

B12

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28
Q

Which molecule from the stomach is needed for absorption of vitamin b12?

A

Intrinsic factor

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29
Q

Which organ in the body is responsible for producing choline?

A

Liver

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30
Q

Alzheimer’s is a disease associated with what vitamin deficiency in humans?

A

Choline (B4)

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31
Q

Spraddle leg disease in baby piglets are associated with what deficiency?

A

Choline (B4)

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32
Q

Do humans have the ability to make vitamin C in the liver?

A

No

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33
Q

Collagen production and antioxidant are functions associated with what vitamin?

A

Vitamin C

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34
Q

Give 1 reason why vitamin c can help aid in immune system function

A

Protects white blood cells from destruction

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35
Q

Scurvy is a disease associated with what vitamin deficiency?

A

Vitamin C

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36
Q

What 3 vitamins have antioxidants?

A

A, E, C

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37
Q

What is the difference between a macromineral and a micromineral?

A

Macro is needed in large amounts
Micro is needed in small amounts

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38
Q

Milk fever is caused by what mineral deficiency in livestock animals?

A

Calcium

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39
Q

Which type of phosphorus cannot be absorbed by monogastric animals without a commercial enzyme?

A

Phytate in corn

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40
Q

Component of bones and component of ATP are functions of what mineral in the body?

A

Phosphorus

41
Q

What is the name of the condition where animals eat and lick random objects?

A

Pica

42
Q

Kidney stones is a toxicity symptom that can occur if too much of what mineral is consumed in the diet?

A

Phosphorus

43
Q

What does the sodium-potassium pump do in the body?

A

Pumps 3 sodium atoms outside the cell
Pumps 2 potassium atoms inside the cell

44
Q

Describe how is sodium involved in muscle contraction

A

Action potentials are the first step for muscle contraction

45
Q

Why is chloride needed for normal stomach function?

A

Needed to make HCl

46
Q

What feed ingredient can be given to livestock animals to meet their sodium and chloride requirements?

A

Salt

47
Q

What vitamins are linked to anemia? Name at least 3 can just put numbers

A

B3 (niacin)
B6 (pyridoxine)
B9 (folate)
B12 (cyanocobalamin)
Vitamin C

48
Q

List the 10 water-soluble vitamins (5 by name)

A

Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
B5
B6
Biotin (B7)
Folate (B9)
B12
B4
C

49
Q

How is potassium involved in nervous system function?

A

Needed for action potential

50
Q

How does excess intake of potassium affect magnesium absorption?

A

Decreases magnesium absorption

51
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in milk?

A

Potassium

52
Q

Besides phosphorus, which mineral is needed to make ATP biologically active?

A

Magnesium

53
Q

Grass tetany is the disease caused by what mineral deficiency in ruminants?

A

Magnesium

54
Q

Name 2 amino acids that contain sulfur in their structure.

A

Methionine
Cysteine

55
Q

Describe in detail how excess intake of sulfur can cause polioencephalomalacia in ruminants.

A
  1. The dietary sulfur is converted into hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) by bacteria
  2. These gases are eructated (burped out) by animal
  3. About half of the H2S is inhaled into their lungs and goes into blood
  4. The blood delivers H2S to brain to exert toxic effects
  5. The H2S inhibits a key enzyme in the electron transport chain (cytochrome oxidase)
  6. As a result, cells in the brain die from energy (ATP) depletion
56
Q

What is the most common reason for ruminants developing sulfur-induced polio?

A

Drinking groundwater high in sulfur

57
Q

What is hypokalemia?

A

Too little potassium

58
Q

Besides potassium, name 2 other minerals that help regulate osmotic pressure and pH of body fluids.

A

Sodium
chloride

59
Q

What is the name of the iron-containing protein that stores oxygen in muscle cells?

A

Myoglobin

60
Q

Name the blood protein that transports absorbed iron to the bone marrow for red blood cell production?
Hint: it is not hemoglobin

A

Transferrin

61
Q

Which type of newborn animals are highly susceptible to anemia and require iron injections within the first 48 hours of life?

A

Piglets

62
Q

How is manganese involved in blood clotting?

A

Cofactor for an enzyme that makes clotting proteins

63
Q

Twisted legs is a symptom associated with what mineral deficiency?

A

Manganese

64
Q

Why is zinc important for RNA synthesis and subsequently protein synthesis?

A

Cofactor for RNA polymerase enzyme

65
Q

Name 1 mineral that is antagonistic to copper.

A

Iron or zinc

66
Q

What does the copper-containing enzyme “caeruloplasmin” do?

A

Needed to store iron in transferrin

67
Q

What does the copper-containing enzyme “tyrosinase” do?

A

Produces dark pigments

68
Q

Lighter or abnormal coat color is an easily observed symptom of what mineral deficiency?

A

Copper

69
Q

Why would a copper deficiency cause anemia in animals?

A

Leads to less iron delivery to bone marrow

70
Q

Difficulty breathing is a symptom of what mineral toxicity?

A

Copper

71
Q

Which species of livestock is most susceptible to copper toxicity?

A

Sheep

72
Q

Explain why zinc is needed for reproduction.

A

Antioxidant

73
Q

Making thyroid hormones is a function of what mineral in the body?

A

Iodine

74
Q

Of the 2 thyroid hormones, which one is more biologically active?

A

T3

75
Q

Write 2 things that thyroid hormones regulate.

A

Body temperature
Heart rate

76
Q

Goiter is a symptom observed with what mineral deficiency?

A

Iodine

77
Q

What does the selenium containing enzyme “Glutathione peroxidase” do?

A

Antioxidant

78
Q

Why is selenium important for metabolism of thyroid hormones?

A

Cofactor for enzyme that converts T4 to T3

79
Q

Can excess intakes of selenium cause death?

A

Yes

80
Q

Activation of insulin is what mineral function?

A

Chromium

81
Q

Diabetes is caused by what mineral?

A

Chromium

82
Q

What mineral has the function of removing toxins?

A

Molybdenum

83
Q

What mineral toxicity causes gout (foot crystals)?

A

Molybdenum

84
Q

Which vitamin contains cobalt in its structure?

A

B12

85
Q

What mineral has the function of strengthening bones and teeth?

A

Fluoride

86
Q

Name a region in New Mexico where Selenium toxicity can be an issue for grazing animals.

A

Northern NM

87
Q

Why would excess intake of molybdenum lead to a potential copper deficiency?

A

Antagonistic minerals

88
Q

Minerals found in bones

A

Fluoride
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium

89
Q

Acid-base/blood pressure regulation minerals

A

Magnesium
Chloride
Sodium
Potassium

90
Q

Name all the macro minerals

A

Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Sodium
Chloride
Potassium
Sulfur

91
Q

Name all the micro minerals

A

Zinc
Iron
Copper
Manganese
Iodine
Selenium
Cobalt
Molybdenum
Chromium
Fluoride

92
Q

Antioxidant minerals

A

Zinc
Copper
Manganese
Selenium

93
Q

Anemia-related minerals

A

Iron
Copper
Zinc
Cobalt

94
Q

What vitamins/minerals allow action potentials and muscle contractions?

A

Potassium
Calcium
Sodium

95
Q

Which vitamin and mineral is involved in blood clotting?

A

Manganese
Vitamin K

96
Q

Hair loss minerals

A

Zinc
Sulfur

97
Q

Cracked hooves is a symptom of what vitamin and what mineral?

A

Sulfur
B7

98
Q

Weak bones is a deficiency symptom of what vitamin and what mineral?

A

Vitamin D
Fluoride

99
Q

White muscle disease is a deficiency in what mineral and what vitamin?

A

Vitamin E
Selenium

Animal Nutrition (4 decks)

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