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Animal Nutrition > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a diet?

A

A mixture of feed ingredients

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2
Q

Do animals have specific feed requirements OR specific nutrient requirements?

A

Specific nutrient requirements

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3
Q

What are the 6 nutrients?

A

Water
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Vitamins
Proteins
Minerals

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4
Q

What is the fancy word for vomiting?

A

Regurgitation

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5
Q

What is digestion?

A

break down of feed

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6
Q

Provide one example of a monogastric animal

A

Dog

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7
Q

Provide one function of the monogastric stomach

A

Acid Secretion

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8
Q

Give one reason why the stomach is very acidic?

A

Unfold proteins

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9
Q

List the 3 sections of the small intestine in order

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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10
Q

Which section of the small intestine does most digestion take place?

A

Duodenum

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11
Q

What are the fingerlike projections in the small intestine called?

A

Villi

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12
Q

List the 3 sections of the large intestine in order

A

Cecum
Colon
Rectum

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13
Q

Provide one function of the large intestine

A

water absorption

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14
Q

Name an organ that is missing in horses

A

Gallbladder

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15
Q

Which section of the horse digestive tract is very big and has microbial fermentation?

A

Large Intestine (hindgut)

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16
Q

What is another name for abdominal pain in horses?

A

Colic

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17
Q

What is the function of the “crop” in the poultry digestive tract?

A

Food storage

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18
Q

Name the poultry organ that reduces particle size by grinding

A

Gizzard

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19
Q

Which poultry organ is similar to the stomach of a pig?

A

Proventriculus

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20
Q

How many “ceca” do poultry have?

A

2

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21
Q

Which absorption process requires the use of a protein transporter but not energy?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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22
Q

Which absorption process requires energy?

A

Active transport

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23
Q

Which absorption process does NOT require a protein transporter or energy?

A

Simple diffusion

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24
Q

Briefly explain the difference between a “fore stomach” and a “hindgut”

A

Forestomach - before small intestine
Hindgut - after small intestine

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25
Q

List the 4 stomach compartments of a ruminant animal

A

Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum

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26
Q

Which stomach compartment functions as a fermentation chamber?

A

Rumen

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27
Q

Which compartment is considered the “true stomach”?

A

Abomasum

28
Q

Which compartment has a honeycomb structure?

A

Reticulum

29
Q

Which stomach compartment has water absorption as its primary function?

A

Omasum

30
Q

Which stomach compartment houses billions of microorganisms?

A

Rumen

31
Q

What are the 4 steps of rumination in order?

A
  1. Regurgitation
  2. Remastication
  3. Resalivation
  4. Reswallow
32
Q

How many hours a day do cattle normally spend ruminating?

A

12-14 hours

33
Q

What scientific term describes the belching of gas?

A

Eructation

34
Q

Name 2 types of microorganisms in the rumen

A

Bacteria
Protozoa

35
Q

What is the ideal pH range in the rumen?

A

6.2 - 6.8

36
Q

Of the 3 microbial habitats in the rumen, which one do most rumen microbes live in?

A

Solid phase (feed particles)

37
Q

Give 1 example of how rumen microbes benefit the host animal.

A

Allow fiber digestion

38
Q

Briefly describe one advantage of rumen contractions

A

Brings microbes in contact with feed particles

39
Q

Which type of bacteria are responsible for digesting cellulose?

A

Fibrolytic bacteria

40
Q

List the 3 volatile fatty acids (VFAs) produced during rumen fermentation and describe how each VFA is used by the host animal

A

Acetate - used to make fat
Propionate - used to make glucose
Butyrate - make fat and ketone bodies

41
Q

Give 1 example of a non-protein nitrogen (NPN) compound

A

Urea

42
Q

Name 1 vitamin produced by rumen bacteria.

A

Vitamin K

43
Q

Where is most body water located (inside of cells or outside of cells)?

A

Inside

44
Q

List 2 functions of water in the body

A

Component of urine
Component of waste removal

45
Q

Besides drinking water, what are the other 2 sources of water for animals?

A

Feed water
Metabolic water

46
Q

Give one example of a body water loss

A

Milk Production

47
Q

An increase in dry matter intake is likely to have what effect on water intake?

A

Increase

48
Q

Feeding a diet high in fiber will have what effect on water intake?

A

Increase

49
Q

Feeding a diet high in protein will have what effect on water intake?

A

Increase

50
Q

What effect will hot weather have on an animal’s water consumption?

A

Increase

51
Q

Name 1 example of a pentose sugar

A

Ribose

52
Q

Name 1 example of a hexose sugar

A

Glucose

53
Q

What 2 sugars (monosaccharides) are linked together in Lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose

54
Q

What 2 sugars (monosaccharides) are linked together in Sucrose?

A

Glucose and fructose

55
Q

What 2 sugars (monosaccharides) are linked together in Maltose?

A

2 glucose

56
Q

Name 2 polysaccharides composed entirely of glucose units.

A

Starch
Cellulose

57
Q

Name a chemical bond in carbohydrates that can easily be broken down by animal enzymes like pancreatic amylase

A

Alpha bonds

58
Q

Name a chemical bond in carbohydrates that can only be broken by microbial enzymes such as cellulase

A

Beta bonds

59
Q

Of the 3 forms of starch present in nature, which form of starch is found in the liver and muscle of animals?

A

Glycogen

60
Q

Name the 3 cell wall components found in NDF (neutral detergent fiber).

A

Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin

61
Q

Describe the process of amylose digestion in monogastric animals.

A
  1. Pancreatic amylase breaks down amylose to maltose
  2. Maltase enzyme breaks down maltose to glucose
62
Q

Describe the process of amylopectin digestion in monogastric animals.

A
  1. Pancreatic amylase breaks down amylopectin to amylodextrins
  2. Isomaltase enzyme breaks down amylodextrins to maltose
  3. Maltase enzyme breaks down maltose to glucose
63
Q

Describe the process of cellulose digestion in the rumen

A
  1. Microbial cellulase breaks down cellulose to cellobiose
  2. Cellobiase breaks down cellobiose to glucose
64
Q

Monogastric Digestive system

A

Mouth - chew
Esophagus - transport to stomach
Stomach - acid production
Small intestine - duodenum (digestion), jejunum and ileum (absorption)
Large intestine - site of water absorption

65
Q

Chicken Digestive System

A

Beak - pick up food
Esophagus - transport
Crop - food storage
Proventriculus (true stomach) - acid production
Gizzard - grind feed particles
Small intestine - digestion and absorption
Large intestine: ceca - blind pouch (fermentation), colon - water absorption, cloaca - excretes uric acid

Animal Nutrition (4 decks)

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