Exam 1 Flashcards
What is a diet?
A mixture of feed ingredients
Do animals have specific feed requirements OR specific nutrient requirements?
Specific nutrient requirements
What are the 6 nutrients?
Water
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Vitamins
Proteins
Minerals
What is the fancy word for vomiting?
Regurgitation
What is digestion?
break down of feed
Provide one example of a monogastric animal
Dog
Provide one function of the monogastric stomach
Acid Secretion
Give one reason why the stomach is very acidic?
Unfold proteins
List the 3 sections of the small intestine in order
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Which section of the small intestine does most digestion take place?
Duodenum
What are the fingerlike projections in the small intestine called?
Villi
List the 3 sections of the large intestine in order
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Provide one function of the large intestine
water absorption
Name an organ that is missing in horses
Gallbladder
Which section of the horse digestive tract is very big and has microbial fermentation?
Large Intestine (hindgut)
What is another name for abdominal pain in horses?
Colic
What is the function of the “crop” in the poultry digestive tract?
Food storage
Name the poultry organ that reduces particle size by grinding
Gizzard
Which poultry organ is similar to the stomach of a pig?
Proventriculus
How many “ceca” do poultry have?
2
Which absorption process requires the use of a protein transporter but not energy?
Facilitated diffusion
Which absorption process requires energy?
Active transport
Which absorption process does NOT require a protein transporter or energy?
Simple diffusion
Briefly explain the difference between a “fore stomach” and a “hindgut”
Forestomach - before small intestine
Hindgut - after small intestine
List the 4 stomach compartments of a ruminant animal
Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum
Which stomach compartment functions as a fermentation chamber?
Rumen
Which compartment is considered the “true stomach”?
Abomasum
Which compartment has a honeycomb structure?
Reticulum
Which stomach compartment has water absorption as its primary function?
Omasum
Which stomach compartment houses billions of microorganisms?
Rumen
What are the 4 steps of rumination in order?
- Regurgitation
- Remastication
- Resalivation
- Reswallow
How many hours a day do cattle normally spend ruminating?
12-14 hours
What scientific term describes the belching of gas?
Eructation
Name 2 types of microorganisms in the rumen
Bacteria
Protozoa
What is the ideal pH range in the rumen?
6.2 - 6.8
Of the 3 microbial habitats in the rumen, which one do most rumen microbes live in?
Solid phase (feed particles)
Give 1 example of how rumen microbes benefit the host animal.
Allow fiber digestion
Briefly describe one advantage of rumen contractions
Brings microbes in contact with feed particles
Which type of bacteria are responsible for digesting cellulose?
Fibrolytic bacteria
List the 3 volatile fatty acids (VFAs) produced during rumen fermentation and describe how each VFA is used by the host animal
Acetate - used to make fat
Propionate - used to make glucose
Butyrate - make fat and ketone bodies
Give 1 example of a non-protein nitrogen (NPN) compound
Urea
Name 1 vitamin produced by rumen bacteria.
Vitamin K
Where is most body water located (inside of cells or outside of cells)?
Inside
List 2 functions of water in the body
Component of urine
Component of waste removal
Besides drinking water, what are the other 2 sources of water for animals?
Feed water
Metabolic water
Give one example of a body water loss
Milk Production
An increase in dry matter intake is likely to have what effect on water intake?
Increase
Feeding a diet high in fiber will have what effect on water intake?
Increase
Feeding a diet high in protein will have what effect on water intake?
Increase
What effect will hot weather have on an animal’s water consumption?
Increase
Name 1 example of a pentose sugar
Ribose
Name 1 example of a hexose sugar
Glucose
What 2 sugars (monosaccharides) are linked together in Lactose?
Glucose and galactose
What 2 sugars (monosaccharides) are linked together in Sucrose?
Glucose and fructose
What 2 sugars (monosaccharides) are linked together in Maltose?
2 glucose
Name 2 polysaccharides composed entirely of glucose units.
Starch
Cellulose
Name a chemical bond in carbohydrates that can easily be broken down by animal enzymes like pancreatic amylase
Alpha bonds
Name a chemical bond in carbohydrates that can only be broken by microbial enzymes such as cellulase
Beta bonds
Of the 3 forms of starch present in nature, which form of starch is found in the liver and muscle of animals?
Glycogen
Name the 3 cell wall components found in NDF (neutral detergent fiber).
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin
Describe the process of amylose digestion in monogastric animals.
- Pancreatic amylase breaks down amylose to maltose
- Maltase enzyme breaks down maltose to glucose
Describe the process of amylopectin digestion in monogastric animals.
- Pancreatic amylase breaks down amylopectin to amylodextrins
- Isomaltase enzyme breaks down amylodextrins to maltose
- Maltase enzyme breaks down maltose to glucose
Describe the process of cellulose digestion in the rumen
- Microbial cellulase breaks down cellulose to cellobiose
- Cellobiase breaks down cellobiose to glucose
Monogastric Digestive system
Mouth - chew
Esophagus - transport to stomach
Stomach - acid production
Small intestine - duodenum (digestion), jejunum and ileum (absorption)
Large intestine - site of water absorption
Chicken Digestive System
Beak - pick up food
Esophagus - transport
Crop - food storage
Proventriculus (true stomach) - acid production
Gizzard - grind feed particles
Small intestine - digestion and absorption
Large intestine: ceca - blind pouch (fermentation), colon - water absorption, cloaca - excretes uric acid
