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Biodiversity > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Tetrapods

A

Cordates with four feet – have limbs w/ digits

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2
Q

Paleozoic

A

First tetrapods appear when insects do

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3
Q

Carboniferous

A

Amphibians dominant land animals
Seedless vascular dominant
1st reptiles appear

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4
Q

Amphibians features and habitat

A

Live on land and in water
Eggs laid in water, aquatic larvae with gills
Terrestrial, lunged adult
Some species fully aquatic or fully terrestrial

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5
Q

Respiration in amphibians

A

Live in humid, damp habitats (swamps, forests),
or humid microhabitats (in soil, leaf litter)
Exchange gases through their moist skin (some lack lungs completely)

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6
Q

Reproduction in amphibians

A

external fertilization

Lay eggs in water, moist terrestrial habitat
Adaptations for keeping eggs moist
Foamy nests
Retaining eggs in mouth, stomach, pouch

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7
Q

amniotes

A

tetrapods with amniotic eggs

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8
Q

vertebrate embryo examples that develop in an aqueous environment

A

Fish and amphibian eggs are laid in water
Reptiles, birds, mammals have amniotic eggs that protect the embryo within several fluid-filled membranes

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9
Q

Amniotic eggs

A

fluid-filled membranes
Resistant to desiccation
Handles exchanges of gases and wastes with the environment
Can be laid on land or retained in body

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10
Q

umbilicus and placenta in most mammals

A

Originally amniotic egg

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11
Q

Mesozoic

A

Reptiles dominant
Gymnosperms dominant

Dinosaurs and mammals evolve

Angiosperms evolve

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12
Q

Reptiles

A

Tuataras, lizards & snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds
Digits with claws

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13
Q

Reptile adaptations

A

Scales with keratin
—–protects skin from desiccation, abrasion
Internal fertilization
—–Shell secreted around fertilized egg
Egg laid on land

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14
Q

Are reptiles endo- or ectotherms

A

Ectotherms

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15
Q

Ectotherms

A

warm body with external heat
adjust their body heat behaviorally

Pro
—–Require less energy per kilo than endotherms
—–10% of food needs of mammals
Con
—–activity limited when cold

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16
Q

Birds

A

group of reptiles with many adaptations for flight

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17
Q

Bird adaptions for flight

A

Minimize weight: lack bladder, one ovary, no teeth, hollow bones
Large sternum with keel for muscle attachment
Pectoral muscles to power wings
Keen eyesight
Large brains (motor coordination)
Wings and feathers
—–Overlapping barbs – keep feathers smooth and aerodynamic
——Feathers – keratin (where else found?)

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18
Q

Are birds endo- or ectotherms

A

Endothermic

necessary to maintain energy for flight
Four-chambered heart
More efficient lungs
Down feathers and fat for insulation
Keep eggs warm by brooding

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19
Q

Endothermic

A

necessary to maintain energy for flight
Four-chambered heart
More efficient lungs
Down feathers and fat for insulation
Keep eggs warm by brooding
use insulation to retain heat

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20
Q

Benefits of flight

A

escape predation
Migrate for best breeding/feeding grounds
Catch flying insects

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21
Q

mammals

A

amniotes with produce milk

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22
Q

Mesozoic

A

Mass extinction of dinosaurs and allowed mammals to rise up

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23
Q

Cenozoic

A

Major radiation of mammals and birds
Major radiation of pollinating insects and flowering plants (co-evolution)

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24
Q

Derived traits of mammals

A

Endothermy
Hair, fur
Mammary glands
Large brains, learning
Parental care
Efficient respiratory and circulatory systems

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25
Q

Benefits of efficient respiratory and circulatory systems

A

High metabolic rate
Supports endothermy

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26
Q

mammary glands

A

produce milk to feed young

Parental care
Large brains, learning

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27
Q

Anatomy/form

A

– the physical structure of an organism

adaptations to particular environmental conditions

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28
Q

Physiology/function

A

– the processes of an organism

adaptations to particular environmental conditions

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29
Q

The simplest way to exchange materials with the environment

A

all cells in contact with external environment and/or digestive cavity
Materials diffuse in/out
—–Gases
—–Metabolic wastes
—–Digested nutrients

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30
Q

circulatory systems

A

move materials around bodies to exchange surfaces

—–exchanges materials with cells and with the environment
—–moves materials around faster than would be possible by diffusion

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31
Q

Benefit of highly folded internal surfaces in lungs and circulatory system

A

Materials are exchanged between bodies and the environment across SURFACES and increase surface area

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32
Q

Organ systems

A

groups of organs that work together to perform vital body functions

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33
Q

Organs

A

tissues organized into a functional unit

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34
Q

Tissues

A

groups of cells with common function

35
Q

Epithelia tissue

A

tissue occurs as sheets
Cells tightly connected
prevent materials “leaking” between cells
Barrier to pathogens, fluid loss
Control of absorption

36
Q

Connective tissue

A

binds and supports other tissues

Sparse cells scattered in an extracellular matrix
Matrix consists of fibers in a liquid, jelly, or solid foundation

37
Q

Muscle tissue

A

responsible for movement

38
Q

Nervous tissue

A

collecting, processing, transmitting information and sensing/processing info

39
Q

Neurons

A

transmit nerve signals
(nervous tissue)

40
Q

Glial cells

A

provide metabolic support to neurons
(nervous tissue)

41
Q

Excretory system

A

Removal of metabolic waste,
regulation of osmotic balance

42
Q

Metabolic waste

A

-Stuff produced as a by-product of metabolism, can’t be used by body
-Blood is filtered through kidneys
-Passed to bladder

43
Q

Coordinating body activities via neurons

A

Neurons in sensory organs receive information from the environment
Neurons transmit info to relevant body parts

44
Q

Endocrine

A

– coordination of body activities via hormones

Glands secrete hormones
Hormones travel through the blood stream to receptors on cells

45
Q

The nervous system sends signals that are what?

A

fast-acting (fraction of sec)
Good for rapid responses

46
Q

The endocrine system sends signals that are what?

A

slower-acting and last longer

Hormones may remain in blood stream mins, hrs
Good for gradual processes

47
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintaining a stable internal environment particular physical conditions
(pH, solute concentration, temp)

48
Q

Regulator for an environmental variable

A

control internal change in face of fluctuation

49
Q

Conformer for environmental variable

A

internal condition changes in response to external

50
Q

Regulator - Endotherms

A

regulators for internal temperature

51
Q

Regulator - Osmoregulators

A

regulate concentration of solutes in body fluids

52
Q

Conformer - Ectotherms

A

conformers for temp (not “cold blooded”)
Most marine inverts

53
Q

negative feedback loops to maintain homeostasis

A

returns body systems to a set point, reverses a change

54
Q

positive feedback loops to maintain homeostasis

A

intensifies a change in a body system

55
Q

Negative feedback process

A

stimulus triggers response, response dampens the stimulus

Set point is the target value
Stimulus is fluctuation away from the set point
Response – physiological activity that returns to set point

56
Q

Positive feedback process

A

drive process to completion
Stimulus triggers response, response serves as additional stimulus
Continues until process complete

57
Q

Thermoregulation

A

process by which animals maintain body temperature within normal range

58
Q

evaporative heat loss

A

Endotherms adjust their body heat
when water evaporates it absorbs heat, pulls from skin
Some Mammals sweat
Other animals bathe
pant

59
Q

Endotherms and Ectotherms adjust body heat with what body system?

A

circulatory systems

60
Q

Vasodilation

A

blood vessels expand, closer to skin surface, radiate heat

61
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

blood vessels constrict, farther skin surface, retain heat

62
Q

adjust body heat with countercurrent exchange in blood vessels

A

Arteries near veins
Warm blood in arteries radiates heat
cold blood in veins absorbs heat

63
Q

Nutrition

A

the process by which food is taken in, digested, and used by body

64
Q

Diet must supply:

A

1) chemical energy for cellular processes
2) organic building blocks for macromolecules
3) essential nutrients

65
Q

Chemical energy

A

energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds

66
Q

Metabolism

A

sum of all biochemical reactions in a body

67
Q

cellular respiration

A

energy stored in glucose is transferred to ATP

Glucose + O2 –> CO2 + H2O + ATP (energy)

68
Q

ATP is the energy source for everything cells do:

A

Protein synthesis
Membrane synthesis
DNA synthesis
Cell division
Solute transport
Cell movement
Muscle contraction

69
Q

4 macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

70
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugars made of CH2O

Types of carbs:
-Sugars are mono- or disaccharides
Polysaccharides are made up of many sugars linked together

71
Q

Purposes of carbs in animals:

A

Quick source of energy
Glucose main substrate for glycolysis in cellular respiration
Glucose only fuel source used by brain and red blood cells

72
Q

Starch in diet

A

Breaks down to glucose
Energy storage in plants
most common carbohydrate in the human diet (potatoes, wheat, maize, rice, cassava)
Broken down to glucose

73
Q

Energy storage in carbs

A

Glucose molecules taken up by muscle and liver cells
stored as glycogen

74
Q

Fiber in carbs

A

indigestible portion of plant material
Soluble fiber
—–dissolves in water
——Good for gut microbes
——Makes you feel full
Insoluble fiber
——Ease defecation

75
Q

Proteins

A

Made of amino acids
Contain N, C, H, O

Do everything in your body
—–Form structures
—–Catalyze reactions
—–transport

76
Q

Lipids

A

Made of fatty acids
contain C,H, O
Barriers – make up the membranes around your cells and around organelles in your cells

77
Q

Lipids storage

A

Long term energy storage (fat, oil)
Glucose taken up by adipose (fat) cells and stored as triglycerides
Fat 2x energy/gram as carbs

78
Q

Purpose of nucleic acids

A

genetic code
Instructions for making proteins
Made of nucleotide bases
Contain N, C, O, P

79
Q

essential nutrients

A

things an organism can’t synthesize from precursors
Must get from diet
Unique to species (e.g. vitamin C essential to humans)

80
Q

A subset of amino acids are essential

A

Animals need 20 amino acids to make proteins
In most animals, about half of these are essential
8 essential amino acids in humans
can easily acquire all from plants

81
Q

Vitamins

A

organic molecules an organism cannot synthesize
required by body in very small amounts

82
Q

Purpose of vitamins

A

Coenzymes – bind to enzymes to assist in function
synthesis of nucleic acids, red blood cells, collagen, visual pigments…
Antioxidants – prevent cell damage

83
Q

Minerals

A

inorganic nutrients molecules an organism cannot synthesize
required in small amounts
e.g. calcium, phosphorous, potassium, iron

Biodiversity (4 decks)

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