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Biodiversity > Biodiversity Exam 1 > Flashcards

Biodiversity Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of life?

A
  1. Living things reproduce
  2. Living things respond to their environment
  3. Living things grow and develop
  4. Living things regulate internal environments
  5. Living things harness energy
  6. Living things adapt to the environment
  7. Living things are made up of cells
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2
Q

What is diversity?

A

Differences between different species

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3
Q

What is variation?

A

Differences in individuals in populations of the same species

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4
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane

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5
Q

What is diffusion and why does it happen?

A

Diffusion is the movement of particles such that they spread out in the available space

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6
Q

What are the four metabolic modes?

A

Heterotroph
Autotroph
Phototroph
Chemotroph

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7
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

It is the process by which phototrophs use light energy and carbon dioxide to make sugars or carbohydrates

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8
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

It is the process of releasing energy from biomolecules (glucose, etc) to generate ATP to fuel cellular activities

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9
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya

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10
Q

What are the two cell types?

A

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

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11
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Multi-celled organisms

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12
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Single-celled organisms

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13
Q

What is taxis?

A

Movement in response to a stimulus in the environment

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14
Q

Why does diffusion occur?

A

Particles are constantly moving to areas of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached

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15
Q

Why does osmosis occur?

A

Solute particles may be too big to cross semi-permeable membranes in which water will diffuse to equalize concentrations

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16
Q

What are the four biomolecules needed for life?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Phospholipids
  4. DNA (Amino acids)
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17
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

Compounds that were formed in the environment without living organisms
(carbon dioxide, water, salt, etc)

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18
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Compounds created by living organisms (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, DNA)

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19
Q

How do heterotrophs harness energy?

A

They consume existing organic biomolecules to make new ones

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20
Q

How do autotrophs harness energy?

A

They make their own biomolecules from CO2 (an inorganic compound)

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21
Q

How do phototrophs harness energy?

A

They use energy from light to create their own biomolecules

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22
Q

How do chemotrophs harness energy?

A

They use energy from chemicals bonds to create their own biomolecules

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23
Q

What is the first stage of photosynthesis?

A

Light Cycle - Solar energy is converted to chemical energy then stored as high energy molecules (ATP, NADH)

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24
Q

What is the second state of photosynthesis?

A

Calvin Cycle - High energy molecules (ATP, NADH) are used to create glucose

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25
Q

What is the cellular respiration chemical equation?

A

Glucose + O2 –> CO2 + H2O + ATP (energy)

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26
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + H20 + sunlight (energy) –> Glucose + O2

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27
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur?

A

In the mitochondria

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28
Q

What are the two types of cellular respiration?

A

Aerobic and anaerobic respiration

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29
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

A process that requires oxygen (O2) and provides 38 ATP

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30
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

A process that does not require oxygen (O2) and provides only 2 ATP

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31
Q

What is the relationship between DNA, proteins and mutations?

A
  1. DNA is the instructions for making proteins.
  2. Proteins determine phenotype or what a body looks like and how it works
  3. Mutations are changes to DNA that result in a change of phenotype
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32
Q

Where is DNA encoded?

A

It is encoded in the order of nucleotide bases

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33
Q

What is DNA for?

A

It is the instructions for which amino acids to place in what order to build proteins

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34
Q

What are enzymes for?

A

They catalyze biochemical reactions in the body to allow your body to function (generate heat, digest food, metabolize toxins, etc)

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35
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in the DNA sequence

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36
Q

What is an allele?

A

It is a mutation in a gene that creates a new version of the gene and may create a different shape of a protein

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37
Q

What may happen if a gene mutates and a protein changes shape?

A

The differently shaped protein may work the same, different, worse or better.

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38
Q

What is the source of all variations in populations and for natural selection to occur?

A

Mutations

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39
Q

The smallest independent functioning unit of life
cells all have what?

A
  1. DNA
  2. Ribosomes for making plasma membranes
  3. Plasma membranes
40
Q

What are the two requirements for a prokaryotic cell?

A
  1. DNA is not enclosed in the nucleus
  2. They lack organelles with plasma membranes
41
Q

What requirements do eukaryotic cells have?

A
  1. DNA is enclosed in the nucleus
  2. They have specialized organelles
  3. They are often larger than prokaryotic cells
42
Q

Domain

A

The highest taxonomic organization of life

43
Q

The domains prokaryotic cells are in

A

Bacteria and Archaea

44
Q

The domain eukaryotic cells are in

A

Eukarya

45
Q

Taxonomic classification of life

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

46
Q

How are organisms structured in the phylum?

A

Typically by general body shape

47
Q

Life’s unity (shared traits among species) and diversity (the wide variation across species)

A

Evolution

48
Q

The evolution of new taxonomic groups

A

Macroevolution

49
Q

Living species are descendants of ancestral species that had different traits?

A

Macroevolution

50
Q

A segment of DNA with instructions for making a specific protein?

A

A gene

51
Q

Different variations of a gene

A

An allele

52
Q

What proteins do

A

Make, build and run your body

53
Q

A change in allele frequencies within a population over generations?

A

Evolution

54
Q

The change in frequencies of traits within a population over generations

A

Evolution

55
Q

How are genes and alleles related?

A

A gene is a segment of DNA for making a specific protein and an allele is a variation in the gene

56
Q

An individual’s traits that affect its survival and reproduction

A

Natural selection

57
Q

A situation in which an individual leaves more offspring in the next generation than some other individuals

A

Differential natural selection

58
Q

A result of a match between an individual’s traits and its environment

A

Fitness

59
Q

An individual’s lifetime reproductive output compared to other individuals in its population

A

Evolutionary fitness

60
Q

Natural selection requires

A

-Variation in a trait
-The trait to be heritable
-The relation to either reproduction or survival

61
Q

Mutations in DNA

A

Where variations come from

62
Q

Humans determine which traits result in the highest fitness

A

Artificial selection

63
Q

Homology structures

A

Similarity in species due to common ancestry.

Structures may have different functions but the same origin

64
Q

Similarities in DNA and protein sequences between species

A

Molecular homology

65
Q

Analogous structures

A

Structures provide the same function but have different evolutionary origins

66
Q

Structures that no longer serve a purpose but are still present as it was inherited from ancestors

A

Vestigial structures

67
Q

These demonstrate gradual changes in structures

A

Fossils

68
Q

4.6 BYA

A

Dust and rocks condense as liquid water is evaporated with volcanic eruptions plentiful

69
Q

Water condenses into oceans and life may have originated from hydrothermal vents

A

4.0 BYA

70
Q

Fossils may be incomplete

A

-Undiscovered
-Certain organisms may be more likely to leave them and others less likely
-Destroyed by geological processes

71
Q
  1. Eroded sediments end up in water and settle (sedimentation)
  2. More layers pile up and press down heavily (compaction)
  3. More layers (strata) and further compaction forces water out of the layers
  4. Salt crystals glue the layers together (cementation) and a rock mass is formed
A

The process of creating fossils

72
Q

3.6 BYA

A

Life begins on earth in the first prokaryotic cells which have anaerobic processes due to very little oxygen in the environment

73
Q

The earliest trace of fossils made by cyanobacteria

A

Stromatolites

74
Q

The oxygen revolution - oxygen is becoming abundant but there is a mass extinction of anaerobic organisms

A

2.7 BYA

75
Q

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ENERGY –> 6 O2 + C6H12O6 (glucose)

A

Cellular respiration equation

76
Q

Evolved to have cellular respiration and as a side effect, started producing oxygen

A

The cyanobacteria evolution 2.7 BYA

77
Q

Oxygen could be used in the process of aerobic respiration which provides more ATP. Eukaryotic cells and multicellular organisms evolved

A

The benefit of oxygen in the environment

78
Q

The main difference between anaerobic and aerobic cells

A

Aerobic respiration takes place with oxygen and provides more ATP/energy

79
Q

The first forms of life

A

Anaerobic prokaryotes

80
Q

The first organism to develop photosynthesis

A

Cyanobacteria (anaerobic prokaryotes)

81
Q

1.8 BYA

A

Eukaryotic fossils appear

82
Q

The evolution of membrane-bound organelles

A

In-folding of the plasma membrane

83
Q

Mitochondria evolution

A

A proto-eukaryotic cell engulfed an aerobic bacterium

84
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelles that conduct aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells

85
Q

6 O2 + C6H12O6 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ENERGY

A

Aerobic cellular respiration equation

86
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

Endo (inside) symbiont (living together)

87
Q

A eukaryotic cell engulfed a cyanobacteria

A

Chloroplast evolution

88
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Main sites of photosynthesis occurring in eukaryotes

89
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ENERGY –> 6 O2 + C6H12O6

90
Q

Evidence for endosymbiont origins

A
  1. Mitochondria and plastids have their own DNA
  2. The DNA is similar to prokaryotic DNA
  3. Mito/plastids replicate and transcribe their own DNA
  4. They have their own ribosomes that resemble prokaryotic ribosomes
  5. Membranes surrounding these organelles resemble prokaryotic membranes
91
Q

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have these organelles

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Mitochondria
  3. Chloroplasts
  4. Plasma membrane
92
Q

The plasma membrane got bigger and folded inside the cell

A

Nucleus evolution

93
Q

Cyanobacteria importance

A
  1. Evolved photosynthesis
    –Oxygen revolution
    –enabled evolution of aerobic respiration, eukaryotes, multicellular organisms
  2. Origin of chloroplasts
94
Q

Multicellular organisms forms with cell specialization

A

1.2 – 1.8 BYA

95
Q

600 MYA Ediacaran Biota

A

-Multi-celled algae
-First animals appear
-Tubular, frond shaped, soft-bodied
-Sponges, jelly fish
-Many sessile filter feeders

96
Q

Origin of many present day animal phyla

A

530 MYA Cambrian Explosion

Biodiversity (4 decks)

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