Biodiversity Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the 7 characteristics of life?
- Living things reproduce
- Living things respond to their environment
- Living things grow and develop
- Living things regulate internal environments
- Living things harness energy
- Living things adapt to the environment
- Living things are made up of cells
What is diversity?
Differences between different species
What is variation?
Differences in individuals in populations of the same species
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane
What is diffusion and why does it happen?
Diffusion is the movement of particles such that they spread out in the available space
What are the four metabolic modes?
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Phototroph
Chemotroph
What is photosynthesis?
It is the process by which phototrophs use light energy and carbon dioxide to make sugars or carbohydrates
What is cellular respiration?
It is the process of releasing energy from biomolecules (glucose, etc) to generate ATP to fuel cellular activities
What are the three domains of life?
Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya
What are the two cell types?
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
What are eukaryotes?
Multi-celled organisms
What are prokaryotes?
Single-celled organisms
What is taxis?
Movement in response to a stimulus in the environment
Why does diffusion occur?
Particles are constantly moving to areas of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached
Why does osmosis occur?
Solute particles may be too big to cross semi-permeable membranes in which water will diffuse to equalize concentrations
What are the four biomolecules needed for life?
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Phospholipids
- DNA (Amino acids)
What are inorganic compounds?
Compounds that were formed in the environment without living organisms
(carbon dioxide, water, salt, etc)
What are organic compounds?
Compounds created by living organisms (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, DNA)
How do heterotrophs harness energy?
They consume existing organic biomolecules to make new ones
How do autotrophs harness energy?
They make their own biomolecules from CO2 (an inorganic compound)
How do phototrophs harness energy?
They use energy from light to create their own biomolecules
How do chemotrophs harness energy?
They use energy from chemicals bonds to create their own biomolecules
What is the first stage of photosynthesis?
Light Cycle - Solar energy is converted to chemical energy then stored as high energy molecules (ATP, NADH)
What is the second state of photosynthesis?
Calvin Cycle - High energy molecules (ATP, NADH) are used to create glucose
What is the cellular respiration chemical equation?
Glucose + O2 –> CO2 + H2O + ATP (energy)
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
CO2 + H20 + sunlight (energy) –> Glucose + O2
Where does cellular respiration occur?
In the mitochondria
What are the two types of cellular respiration?
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
What is aerobic respiration?
A process that requires oxygen (O2) and provides 38 ATP
What is anaerobic respiration?
A process that does not require oxygen (O2) and provides only 2 ATP
What is the relationship between DNA, proteins and mutations?
- DNA is the instructions for making proteins.
- Proteins determine phenotype or what a body looks like and how it works
- Mutations are changes to DNA that result in a change of phenotype
Where is DNA encoded?
It is encoded in the order of nucleotide bases
What is DNA for?
It is the instructions for which amino acids to place in what order to build proteins
What are enzymes for?
They catalyze biochemical reactions in the body to allow your body to function (generate heat, digest food, metabolize toxins, etc)
What is a mutation?
A change in the DNA sequence
What is an allele?
It is a mutation in a gene that creates a new version of the gene and may create a different shape of a protein
What may happen if a gene mutates and a protein changes shape?
The differently shaped protein may work the same, different, worse or better.
What is the source of all variations in populations and for natural selection to occur?
Mutations