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Biodiversity > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Angiosperms definition

A

Flowering plants

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2
Q

Phylum of Angiosperms

A

Anthophyta

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3
Q

Derived traits of angiosperms

A

Flowers – specialized structures for reproduction
Ovules are inside of Ovaries
Double fertilization
Seeds are contained within fruits

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4
Q

Flowers definition

A

Modified leaves, that contain sporangia

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5
Q

Sepals definition

A

leaves that enclose unopened flower

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6
Q

Petals purpose

A

often brightly colored, related to pollination mode, to attract pollinators

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7
Q

Bird-pollinated flower traits

A

Red flowers
Lots of nectars
No scents

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8
Q

Bee-pollinated flower traits

A

Yellow and blue flowers

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9
Q

Wind-pollinated flower traits

A

No showy petals or scents

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10
Q

Moth – pollinated flower traits

A

Often light colors
Strong scents

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11
Q

Stamens purpose

A

produce pollen
Inside of microsporangia

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12
Q

Two parts of stamen

A

Filament
Anther

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13
Q

Anther purpose

A

contains microsporangia where pollen is produced

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14
Q

Carpels function

A

where eggs, seeds, fruit made

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15
Q

Parts of Carpel

A

stigma
pollen tube
style
ovary and ovules

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16
Q

Fertilization steps of carpel

A

Stigma receives pollen
Pollen tube grows down style
Ovary contains ovules
Fertilized ovule becomes seed
Ovary becomes fruit

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17
Q

Complete flower definition

A

Contains sepals, petals, stamens and carpel

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18
Q

Incomplete flower definition

A

Lacks one or more parts to a flower

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19
Q

Anthers dehiscent

A

immature pollen

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20
Q

Anthers indehiscent

A

releases mature pollen

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21
Q

Pollen grain consists of two cells

A

tube cell
generative cell

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22
Q

A tube cell

A

will become the pollen tube
has haploid nucleus

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23
Q

A generative cell

A

that will become sperm
INSIDE the tube cell
haploid nucleus
divides by mitosis to create two sperm cells

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24
Q

Double Fertilization

A

One sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg = makes zygote (2n)
One sperm nucleus joins with the two polar nuclei to make a triploid (3n) endosperm
Endosperm becomes food supply

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25
Q

Fertilized ovule

A

seed

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26
Q

Ovary

A

fruit

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27
Q

Primary function of fruits

A

to aid in seed dispersal

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28
Q

Fleshy fruit

A

wall of ovary softens as ripens
evolved to get eaten to be dispersed by animals

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29
Q

Dry fruit

A

dry at maturity
evolved to scatter and/or be collected and stored by animals
Some open at maturity to shed seeds

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30
Q

Nut

A

one-seeded dry fruit, thick, hard wall

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31
Q

Grain

A

one-seeded dry fruit, ovary wall fused to seed coat

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32
Q

Cotyledons

A

an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed

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33
Q

Radicle

A

embryonic root
emerges first; the developing root system anchors the plant

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34
Q

Economically important grasses

A

More than ½ of calories consumed globally by humans

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35
Q

What does the plant do with the glucose it makes?

A

Quick source of energy for cells

Main substrate for cellular respiration = make ATP

Glucose molecules can also be used as building blocks for more complex carbohydrates (= polysaccharides)

Starch – energy storage carb in plants
Potatoes; endosperm of corn, wheat, rice…

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36
Q

Cellulose

A

structural carbohydrate in plant cell walls
Fibers: cotton, linen, rayon
wood pulp for paper, paperboard, cardstock
40-50% wood

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37
Q

What are three purposes of roots?

A

Anchor plant in soil
Absorb water and minerals
Store carbs

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38
Q

Primary root

A

first to emerge from germinating seed

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39
Q

Lateral roots

A

branches from primary

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40
Q

Root hairs

A

extension of root epidermal cells; increase absorptive area

Most water and mineral absorption occurs through root hairs

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41
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

mutualistic fungus that associates with plant roots
> 80% of plants have mycorrhizae

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42
Q

Fungal hyphae function in plant mutualism

A

increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals, especially Phosphorous

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43
Q

Pneumatophores

A

roots absorbing oxygen in waterlogged, low oxygen soils
e.g. swamps, mangroves

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44
Q

What are the primary functions of the stem?

A

Orient leaves for max photosynthesis
Elevate reproductive structures to facilitate pollen, fruit, seed dispersal

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45
Q

Rhizomes

A

horizontal stems from roots for additional plant reproduction
Vertical shoots emerge from

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46
Q

Tubers

A

specialized for storage
“eyes” are axillary buds

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47
Q

Stolons

A

a creeping horizontal plant stem or runner that takes root at points along its length to form new plants

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48
Q

Functions of leaves:

A

Absorb light
Exchange gases
Dissipate heat
Defense

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49
Q

Cell wall

A

outside of plasma membrane, prevent bursting
Plants can absorb a lot of freshwater

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50
Q

Large central vacuole

A

store water, allow plant to absorb water w/o diluting cytoplasm, maintain turgor pressure

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51
Q

Plastids

A

chloroplasts with chlorophyll or other storage

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52
Q

Three plant tissue systems:

A

Dermal
Ground
Vascular

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53
Q

Dermal tissue

A

Protective outer coating against damage, pathogens, water loss

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54
Q

Types of Dermal tissue

A

Non-woody plants
——Epidermis covered with waxy cuticle
Woody plants
——bark replaces epidermis in older regions of stem and roots

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55
Q

4 Types Specialized dermal cells

A

Guard cells
Stomata
Trichomes
Root hairs

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56
Q

Root hairs cell function

A

Most water and mineral absorption occurs through root hairs

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57
Q

Guard cells cell function

A

open and close stomata

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58
Q

Stomata cell function

A

pores for gas exchange necessary for photosynthesis

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59
Q

Trichomes cell function

A

Defense against herbivores

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60
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Transport materials throughout plant

Structural support

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61
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Xylem – water and minerals – root to shoots
Phloem – sugars from sources (mature leaves) to sinks (developing leaves, fruits, flowers)

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62
Q

Xylem

A
  • water conducting cells
  • walls hardened with lignin
  • dead at maturity
  • Creates pipes
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63
Q

Phloem cells/tissues and functions

A

alive at maturity
lack many major organelles (nucleus, cytoskeleton…)
Easier for fluids to move through
cell walls are porous
associated with companion cells that carry out metabolic functions for them

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64
Q

Transpiration

A

Water and minerals taken up by roots, travels up vascular tissue, to leaves for photosynthesis, and out stomata

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65
Q

Cohesion

A

attraction between same type of molecule
Water molecules have cohesion because of hydrogen bonds

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66
Q

adhesion

A

attraction between two dif molecules

Water in xylem adheres to cellulose in cell walls b/c of hydrogen bonds

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67
Q

Evaporation in plants

A

water molecule absorbs energy and changes from liquid to gas
Leaf absorbs solar energy,
water molecules evaporate out of stomata

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68
Q

Sugar producer in plants

A

Mature leaves net producer of sugars

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69
Q

Sugar sink in plants

A

Growing buds, roots, stems, fruits, leaves net producer of sugars

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70
Q

Storage organ

A

Tuber, bulb
Sink in summer
Source in early spring

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71
Q

Ground tissue:

A

Makes up most of plant tissue

cells for metabolism, storage, support, photosynthesis

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72
Q

Storage in ground tissues

A

Plastids that hold starch and other organics

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73
Q

Support in ground tissues

A

Long slender cells with thick cell walls
May be reinforced with lignin
Can be bundled together for added strength
These are fibers used to make hemp, linen

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74
Q

Metabolism in ground tissues

A

Chloroplasts – plastids with chlorophyll
photosynthesis

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75
Q

All tissue types can be found where in the plant

A

leaves!

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76
Q

Cuticle dermal tissue

A

single cell layer of epidermis cells, includes stomata to prevent water loss

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77
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Veins – bundles of xylem and phloem

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78
Q

Palisade mesophyll ground cells

A

these cells contain lots of chloroplasts, where most photosynthesis happens

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79
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

ground cells also for photosynthesis; lots of air spaces for gas exchange

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80
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

growing throughout life

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81
Q

Determinate growth

A

ceasing growth when certain size is reached

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82
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

Meristems – Apical meristems at root and shoot tips

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83
Q

Meristems

A

Indeterminate growth

constantly dividing, unspecialized tissues

Apical BLANK at root and shoot tips

Primary growth = elongation of roots and shoots due to cell division at apical meristems

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84
Q

Primary growth of a root and what protects it

A

Root cap protects the apical meristem

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85
Q

Three zones of primary growth

A

Zone of cell division
Zone of elongation
Zone of differentiation

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86
Q

Zone of cell division

A

generate new cells mitotically

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87
Q

Zone of elongation

A

cells grow in size, push the tip of the root outward

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88
Q

Zone of differentiation

A

– cells specialize into their different functions
- Location of root hairs

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89
Q

Fungi phyla

A

Chytrids
Zygomycota
Glomeromycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota

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90
Q

Fungi metabolism

A

Absorptive Heterotrophs

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91
Q

Absorptive Heterotrophs

A

Absorb nutrients from environment outside of body

Secrete hydrolytic enzymes, digest complex molecules

absorb the smaller molecules

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92
Q

ingestive heterotrophs

A

ingest food and digest internally

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93
Q

Fungi come in two forms

A

Yeasts – single cells
Hyphae – multicellular filaments

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94
Q

yeasts habitat

A

moist environments w/ soluble nutrients (plant sap, animal tissues)

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95
Q

Hyphae

A

Multicellular filaments
One cell wide, many cells long
Increase surface area for absorption

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96
Q

Hyphae cell walls

A

chitin

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97
Q

Mycelium

A

Interwoven mass of hyphae
Maximize surface area: volume

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98
Q

Fungi role

A

Fungi are very important decomposers – vital for recycling nutrients in terrestrial systems

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99
Q

Fungal dispersal

A

Spores transported long distances by wind or water

Spores are everywhere!!
Spores produced sexually or asexually

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100
Q

Fungal Reproduction

A

Asexual reproduction:
Hyphae produce genetically identical haploid spores via mitosis

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101
Q

Plasmogamy

A

hyphae of different mating types meet and fuse

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102
Q

heterokaryote

A

cells have nuclei from two different sources

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103
Q

Karyogamy

A

haploid nuclei from different parents fuse, making diploid cells

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104
Q

Meiosis

A

makes haploid spores, creates genetic diversity

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105
Q

Chytrids

A

Only fungi to have flagellated spores
Commonly found in soil and lakes, marine communities
Mutualists with animals
Cattle, other grazers– anaerobic fungi aid in digestion of cellulose in rumen

106
Q

Chytrid ecological roles

A

Parasites/ pathogens of amphibians

107
Q

Zygomycota

A

Many food molds
Spores made sexually or asexually in sporangia
Have black asexual sporangia
Sexually formed zygosporangia

108
Q

Zygomycota Asexual Reproduction

A

make identical haploid spores in black sporangia
When have abundant food to remain in place
triggered by deteriorating environment
Running out of food, environment drying out
Plasmogamy results in a zygosporangium
contains haploid nuclei from each parent
can resist harsh conditions

109
Q

Glomeromycota

A

mycorrhizae – fungal mutualism with plant roots;
80+% of all plants have mutualisms with glomeromycetes
branched hyphae extend into plant cells

110
Q

Ascomycota

A

sac fungi (65,000 species)
In sexual stage, form fruiting bodies (the cups) where ascospores are formed
Human food and medicine -Includes morels (Morchella esculenta) and truffles that people love to eat
Includes Penicillium that antibiotic penicillin is made from

111
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A

fungi for beer, wine, bread, liquor
Produces CO2 and alcohol through anaerobic respiration

112
Q

Ascomycota negative ecological roles

A

Crop pathogen
Fusarium wilt – Billions in crop losses, mycotoxins
Botrytis cinerea –grey mould
$10-100s billion losses/yr
powdery mildew
Animal pathogens
Dermatophytosis – a fungal infection of the skin
i.e. Ring worm, athlete’s foot, jock itch, etc.
Fungi feed on keratin in skin

113
Q

Basidiomycota

A

Mushrooms!!!
30,000 species

114
Q

Basidiomycota reproduction

A

Fruiting body has gills where sexually produced basidiospores are made

115
Q

Largest organism on earth

A

Armillaria fungus in Blue Mountains, Malheur National Forest, Oregon
Mycelium expands > 3.4 square miles underground!
2,400 years old!

116
Q

Basidiomycota ecological roles

A

Decomposer
Basidiomycete shelf fungi are best at breaking down lignin in wood
Crop pathogen
rusts; wheat rusts can cause 100% crop losses
Corn smut

117
Q

Lichen

A

Fungus- Algae Mutualism
Fungi - Ascomycota or Basidiomycota
Algae - cyanobacteria or green alga

118
Q

Lichens are important in ecological succession

A
  • Break down rock
  • form soil
    – begins a new ecosystem
119
Q

Fungus-ant Mutualism

A

Fungus gardening ants collect leaves, take to nest to feed their basidiomycote fungi
The fungi produce proteins and carbs for the ants
Ants couldn’t digest leaves on their own

120
Q

What are animals?

A

multicellular, eukaryotic, ingestive heterotrophs

121
Q

Collagen definition

A

Makes cells flexible
Supports cell shape
Helps cells adhere to one another

122
Q

Muscle tissue

A

moves body

123
Q

Nervous tissue

A

conduct nerve impulses

124
Q

Neurons

A

receive and transmit impulses

125
Q

What structure surrounds the inside of the animal cell plasma membrane?

A

Extracellular matrix made of collagen

126
Q

Early Animal Evolution Year

A

Animals evolved ~700 mya
About 1 billion years after the first eukaryotes

127
Q

Oldest animal fossils

A

Ediacaran era
~ 560 mya
soft-bodied, radial symmetry
Include molluscs, sponges, cnidarians

128
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

~ 540 million years ago
All animal life still in oceans
rapid evolution
“arms race”
Increase in oxygen allowed larger body sizes

129
Q

450 mya

A

Animals, plants move onto land
Arthropods were the first to colonize land

130
Q

365 mya

A

Vertebrates colonized land

131
Q

Metazoa

A

The clade containing all animals
Sponges are the earliest branching lineage of the extant phyla - they lack tissues

132
Q

Phylum Porifera

A

sponges

133
Q

Eumetazoa

A

a clade of animals with true tissues
Cnidarians – early branch from Eumetazoan ancestor

Sister group to Ponifera

134
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Can be divided symmetrically by any slice through central axis

135
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A

Jellyfish and anemones with radial symmetry

136
Q

Bilateria clade

A

Bilateral symmetry
triploblastic (3 tissue layers)

137
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Two axes of orientation
Anterior (head) / posterior (anus)
Dorsal (top) / ventral (bottom)

138
Q

cleavage

A

repeated divisions without growth, like a zygote into 8-cell stage

repeated mitotic divisions without growth
cell duplicates DNA and divides repeatedly
Cells get smaller and smaller

139
Q

blastula

A

cleavage into a multicellular hollow ball of cells

140
Q

blastocoel

A

the hollow center of a blastula

141
Q

Gastrulation

A

one end of the embryo (in blastula form) folds inward

Makes digestive tube

Creates 2 – 3 “germ” (= embryonic tissue) layers

142
Q

Blastopore

A

The opening hole of blastula after gastrulation

143
Q

Ectoderm

A

outer of blastula tissue after gastrulation

Surface covering (epidermis)

Central nervous system

144
Q

Blastocoel

A

middle of blastula tissue after gastrulation (in triploblasts)
Muscles

Other organs that are not part of digestive tract

145
Q

Endoderm

A

inner of blastula tissue after gastrulation

Digestive tract

Some organs (lung, liver)

146
Q

Archenteron

A

hollow hole of blastula after gastrulation

147
Q

Egg nucleus and sperm nucleus fuse to form what

A

zygote

148
Q

Determinate cleavage

A

cell fate determined very early;
remove a cell and embryo will be missing key parts

149
Q

Indeterminate cleavage

A

each cell produced by early cleavage retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo

150
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A

Archenteron pushes inward, stops
One opening is mouth and anus

151
Q

complete digestive tract

A

If archenteron grows through to other side

152
Q

Diploblastic

A

Animal tissues develop from embryonic layers

only ectoderm and endoderm

Cnidarians

153
Q

Triploblastic

A

Animal tissues develop from embryonic layers

three embryonic tissue layers

all bilaterally symmetric animals

154
Q

~ 700 mya

A

Sponges and cnidarians evolved in the Ediacaran

155
Q

Phylum Porifera characteristics

A

Lack true tissues
asymmetrical
Marine
Sedentary filter feeders
Mostly hermaphrodites

156
Q

Choanocytes

A

sponge cells that create current, catch food

157
Q

Three cell types in sponges

A

Choanocytes
Amoebocytes
Epidermis

158
Q

Amoebocytes

A

move through the gelatinous middle layer, carry nutrients

Intracellular digestion
Takes place directly inside of cells
food enters vacuoles in the amoebocytes
vacuoles fuse with lysosomes

159
Q

Epidermis in sponges

A

draws in water through pores in epidermis

160
Q

Phylum Cnidarians

A

Jellies, corals, anemones, hydras

161
Q

Cnidaria symmetry

A

Radial
Mouth/anus in center of body

162
Q

Cnidaria tissue layers

A

Diploblastic
Ectoderm becomes epidermis
Endoderm becomes gastrodermis – lines the GVC (mouth and anus)

can exchange gases with environment via diffusion (no need for respiratory /circulatory system)

163
Q

Polyp body form

A

Cnidaria body form
adhere to substrate with basal disc
mouth up, extend tentacles
hydras, sea anemones, corals

164
Q

Bud in cnidarians

A

asexual reproduction in hydras

165
Q

Coral

A

colonies of tiny polyps
Secrete calcium carbonate exoskeleton

166
Q

Medusa body form

A

Cnidaria body form
free moving; swims with mouth down
No brain, have non-centralized nerve net distributed around body
jellies

167
Q

Cnidocytes

A

Stinging cells
Use tentacles with cnidocytes to capture prey
Contain a coiled barb that can be shot out, punctures prey
Coated with toxin to subdue prey
Toxicity varies by species

168
Q

Gastrovascular cavity in cnidarians

A

central digestive compartment, single opening
Tentacle push prey into GVC
Enzymes secreted into GVC
No circulatory system – nutrients diffuse directly from GVC into cells

169
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms
Examples – planarians, tapeworms
Flattened dorso-ventrally (top to bottom)
No circulatory system
No respiratory system
Gas exchange, waste elimination, nutrient movement from GVC to cells by diffusion

170
Q

Clade Planarians

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes
free-living predators and scavengers
Freshwater
Can regenerate if cut up

171
Q

Planarian anatomy

A

Pharynx – extends through mouth. Releases digestive juices. Sucks food in.
Mouth
GVC
Eyespots detect light
Lateral flaps detect chemicals

172
Q

Tapeworms and descriptions/where they live

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes
parasites
Live in vertebrate intestine, can get ~ 15 m long
Become infected by
eating undercooked pork or beef
living in conditions with poor hygiene that bring into contact with eggs

173
Q

Tapeworm anatomy

A

Anterior end (scolex) with hooks and suckers to attach to intestines
No mouth, no GVC
Live in vertebrate intestines
Absorb nutrients across body surface

174
Q

Tapeworm reproduction

A

Can self-fertilize
Proglottid - Each segment behind the anterior one
mainly functions for sexual reproduction
proglottids increase in size and maturity toward posterior end
Ones at end have mature eggs, break off, get passed out with host feces

175
Q

Phylum Mollusca, habitat and body types

A

Mollusks
100,000 species, 2nd most diverse animal phylum
Examples: squid/octopi, snails/slugs, clams/oysters
Habitat - mostly marine, some freshwater,
snails/slugs terrestrial
soft-bodied, some secrete calcium carbonate shell

176
Q

Three main body parts of a mollusk:

A

Muscular foot for movement
Visceral mass contains internal organs
Mantle- tissue that drapes over visceral mass and secretes shell

177
Q

Class – Gastropoda

A

Mollusca phylum
Gastropods
snails and slugs
¾ of all mollusks
Marine, freshwater, terrestrial
Marine snails often brightly colored
toxic, unpalatable
Most are herbivores

178
Q

Gastropod anatomy

A

radula - a scraping tongue
mantle
foot
mouth

179
Q

Class Bivalvia (Bivalves)

A

Mollusca phylum
clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
All aquatic
Hinged shell divided into to lateral halves

180
Q

Bivalve anatomy

A

Adductor muscle holds shell closed
Foot can dig in mud
Many are sedentary (oysters have no foot)
Clams can pull themselves into mud with foot
Complete digestive tract
Draws water in incurrent siphon

181
Q

Class Cephalopods

A

Mollusca phylum
octopi, squid, chambered nautilus, cuttlefish
Active marine predators
Grasp prey with suckers on tentacles, bite, inject with poison

182
Q

Cephalopod anatomy

A

Suckers
Siphon – shoot water out for locomotion
Well-developed sensory organs
Eye as complex as vertebrate eye
Convergent evolution
Some species, like the Chambered Nautilus, still have shells
gas-filled chambers
adjust buoyancy

183
Q

Phylum Annelida

A

segmented worms
Marine, freshwater, soil
Examples: polycheates, leeches, earthworms

184
Q

Leeches

A

Phylum Annelida
Mostly freshwater parasites
Sharp teeth for attaching to host
Apply anesthetic to host, anticoagulate
hermaphroditic

185
Q

Earthworms

A

Phylum Annelida
Eat soil, extract nutrients
Secrete wastes and mucus through anus
Improves soil quality
hermaphroditic

186
Q

Earthworm anatomy

A

Skin is respiratory surface
Can exchange gases via vessels in skin
Cerebral ganglia function like brain, connected to nerve cords
complete digestive tract

187
Q

Ecdysozoans

A

a group of protostome animals, including Arthropoda, Nematoda, and several smaller phyla
ecdysis – molting of cuticle
Cuticle - tough layer outside of the skin
Have to shed cuticle to grow

188
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A

nematodes, roundworms
Body covered in tough cuticle
Complete digestive tract
Nematodes are most abundant type of animal on earth!
Found in marine and freshwaters, soils,
tropics and polar regions

189
Q

Nematodes habitat

A

can be free-living or parastic
Free-living species feed on algae, fungi, small animals, fecal matter, decaying matter, bacteria…
Parasitic individuals feed on plant or animal tissues

190
Q

Examples of harmful nematodes

A

Heart worms, elephantiasis, crop pests

can be encysted in muscle tissue
Cook your meat!

191
Q

Examples of beneficial nematodes

A

Natural pest control
Decomposers
the most numerous of the larger decomposers in compost

192
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

A

Insects, arachnids, centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans
~80% of all animal species are arthropods!

193
Q

arthropod cuticles

A

exoskeleton of protein and chitin
Attachment for muscles
Prevents drying out

194
Q

Arthropod senses

A

Well developed
Simple eyes - detect light compound eyes - form images
olfactory receptors - smell
antennae - touch/smell/taste

195
Q

Arthropod Respiration

A

Terrestrial breathe through holes called spiracles that lead to trachea

Aquatic breathe with gills

196
Q

Subphylum Chelicerata

A

Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Chelicerata –
Horseshoe crabs (marine) and arachnids (terrestrial)
2 body regions: Cephalothorax + abdomen
Simple eye (single lens)

197
Q

Chelicerates anatomy

A

Chelicera - pincers/ fangs
Pedipalps -sensing, feeding, defense, reproduction
4 pairs walking legs

198
Q

Horseshoe “crabs”

A

Subphylum Chelicerata
marine
Not true crabs
“living fossils”

199
Q

Arachnids

A

Subphylum Chelicerata
spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites

200
Q

spiders

A

most common arachnids
pierce prey with hollow chelicerae,
secrete digestive juices, suck up fluid
Make silk for webs, dispersal, escape
Well-developed eyes

201
Q

Ambush predators

A

well camouflaged and ambush their prey on flowers

202
Q

Subphylum Myriapoda

A

Phylum Arthropoda
Millipedes & centipedes
“many legs”
All terrestrial
Body Regions: Head + many, many body segments

203
Q

Millipedes

A

pairs legs / segment
Typically live in humid conditions - forest floor, leaf litter, dead wood, soil
Most can burrow into soil
Detritivores – eat decaying plant matter
Important decomposers, especially of leaf litter

204
Q

Centipedes

A

1 pair legs/ segment
Also found in soil, leaf litter, logs…

Predators, stab prey with poison fangs, eat other arthropods

205
Q

Subphylum Crustacea

A

Phylum Arthropoda
Most are marine, freshwater
3 body regions: Head, thorax, abdomen
Lots of appendages!

206
Q

Crustaceans head anatomy

A

sensory appendages – antennae
Feeding appendages –
mandibles - jaws
Maxillae - tasting, manipulating food
Maxillipeds - feeding

207
Q

Crustaceans body anatomy

A

Thorax
Chelipeds – pinchers, defense
Walking legs - locomotion

Abdomen
Swimmerets - locomotion

208
Q

Crustacean examples

A

lobster, crayfish, shrimp, crabs
Have carapace over dorsal side
Most are scavengers

209
Q

Plankton

A

contains tiny crustaceans
Crustacean larvae
Krill – tiny shrimp-like creatures
4-5 tons biomass in Southern Ocean
Important base of food chain

210
Q

Barnacles

A

sessile crustaceans

hard shell - calcium carbonate
anchor to surfaces
Live in shallow, intertidal areas
filter feeders – jointed legs are modified into feathery cirri
hermaphrodites

211
Q

Class Insecta - Insects

A

Phylum Arthropoda
80% of all animals are arthropods.
75% of all animals are insects.
Insect are the most diverse taxa of animals
only invertebrates that can fly

212
Q

Insecta evolution

A

First insects appear in Paleozoic
after colonization of land by animals,
after evolution of vascular plants,
before first seed plants

Major radiation of pollinating insects after evolution of flowering plants

213
Q

Characteristics of Insects

A

3 body regions
Head
Thorax
abdomen
3 pairs of legs
0- 2 pairs wings

214
Q

Insect sensory organs

A

Compound eyes + simple eyes
1 pair antennae

215
Q

Butterflies mouthparts

A

Siphoning – suck nectar

216
Q

True bugs mouthparts

A

Piercing-sucking – suck plant fluid, insect fluid

217
Q

Incomplete metamorphosis

A

Juveniles look like adults
Life stages: egg, nymph, adult
nymphs eat
adults have wings and are sexually mature
Insects molt to grow larger

218
Q

Complete metamorphosis

A

juveniles do not look like adults
Life stages: egg, larva, pupa, adult
larvae eat
adults have wings and are sexually mature
Insects molt to grow larger

219
Q

Why are insects important? Disservices

A

Human parasites
Insect vectored diseases
Crop pests
Forestry pests
Structural pests

220
Q

Human Parasites (insects)

A

Blood feeders
Live in hair or clothes
Move by crawling

221
Q

Insect Vectored Diseases

A

mosquitos and malaria
fever, headache, coma, death
250 million people infected/yr
730,000 deaths
Mostly kids under 5

222
Q

Crop Pests (insects)

A

An average of 15%-20%of crops worldwide lost to insects

Losses through direct feeding or disease transmission

$4.34 billion/yr spent on insecticides in US

223
Q

Forest pest

A

insects cost estimated $5 billion/yr in US in timber loss

Homeowner and government removal costs
Decreased property values

224
Q

Structural Pests

A

termites and more
Estimated 10% of species are structural pests

Rests are detritivores, important for recycling wood and plant material

225
Q

Insect Services

A

Pollination
Natural pest control
Decomposition
Forensics
Recreation

226
Q

Pollination Insect Services

A

Primarily pollination from bees
3/4 of the leading food crops globally dependent upon animal pollination (primarily from insects)
$213 billion/ yr globally

227
Q

Natural Pest Control

A

Working with natural enemies already in the agroecosystem

Predators Suppress Aphids!

228
Q

Insects decompose

A

animal waste and decaying animals

229
Q

Recreation Insects

A

Hunting

insects are important components of ecosystems humans use for entertainment

230
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A

Spiny skin
Sea stars, sea urchins
Slow moving, sessile
Thin epidermis, hard exoskeleton
Symmetry
larvae have bilateral symmetry
adults penta-radial

231
Q

Echinoderms move how?

A

move and eat using a water vascular system

Canals branch into tube feet
Used for locomotion, feeding

232
Q

Put the path of the water through the Water Vascular system in order

Around the ring canal (Ring)
In the madreporite (M)
Into the tube feet (TF)
Into the radial canals (Rad)

A

In the madreporite (M)
Around the ring canal (Ring)
Into the radial canals (Rad)
Into the tube feet (TF)

233
Q

Sea stars facts

A

echinoderm predators

Short spines
5 arms, can regenerate
Eat bivalves
Ejestable stomach

234
Q

Sea urchins facts

A

Long spines
mouth on bottom
eat sea weed
Prey for sea stars, sea otters, other predators

235
Q

Sea cucumbers facts

A

echinoderm detritivores
Mouth tentacles used in feeding
modified tube feet
Ejestable respiratory tree to escape predators

236
Q

Phylum Cordata 4 derived traits

A

notochords (vertebrate development and such)
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Post-anal tail
Pharyngeal slits or clefts

237
Q

notochord

A

flexible rod for skeletal support
running length of body
between digestive tube and nerve cord
In humans, becomes part of disks between vertebrae

238
Q

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

A

develops into the Central Nervous System
Formed from ectoderm rolling into tube
Central Nervous System = brain + spinal cord

239
Q

Pharyngeal slits or clefts

A

a series of arches that allow water to exit the mouth without entering the digestive tract

240
Q

Different purposes of pharyngeal slits:

A

Invertebrate chordates – for filter feeding
Fishes – used for gas exchange, gills
In tetrapods, form into parts of ear, head, neck

241
Q

Muscular, post-anal tail

A

extends posterior to anus
Tail contains skeleton and muscles

242
Q

Which of the following is NOT a shared, derived traits of chordates?

  1. Muscular, post-anal tail
  2. notochord
  3. Vertebrae
  4. Pharyngeal slits
  5. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
A
  1. Vertebrae
243
Q

2 Main Cordate Invertebrate Species

A

Lancelets and Tunicates

244
Q

Lancelets

A

invertebrate chordates
filter feed plankton through their gills

245
Q

Tunicates

A

invertebrate chordates
Chordate characters as larvae
Becomes sessile as adult

246
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata

A

Cordate Vertebrate Species

247
Q

Chordate vertebrates that evolved before jaws

A

Hagfish
Lampreys

248
Q

Hagfish

A

Bottom-dwelling scavengers, feed on sick, dying fish

249
Q

Lampreys

A

parasites on other fish

250
Q

Chordate vertebrates with jaws (not two fish)

A

Gnathostomes

251
Q

jaw bones evolution

A

Skeletal rods in pharyngeal slits

252
Q

gnathostomes - Cartilaginous fishes

A

Sharks, skates, rays, etc.
Sharks swim constantly
keep water moving over gills for breathing
Oily liver – buoyancy
Powerful swimmers, dorsal fins for stability, pectoral and pelvic fins for maneuvering

253
Q

Placoid scales

A

tiny teeth!

254
Q

Osteichthyans gnathostomes with jaws and vertebrates

A

bony fish
Red lionfish, sea horse, Fine-spotted moray eel

255
Q

Ray-finned fishes

A

bony rays in fins
use an operculum to draw water into gills

256
Q

operculum

A

bony flap over gills

257
Q

swim bladder in Ray-finned fishes

A

air filled sac, allows fish to adjust its buoyancy to float at different depths

258
Q

Lobe-fins

A

Bones & muscles in fins/limbs
descendants of ray-finned fish with muscle and bones in their fins/limbs
Coelocanths
Lungfishes
tetrapods

259
Q

Lungfishes

A

found in swamps, stagnant ponds
have both lungs and gills;
can estivate in mud

260
Q

Tiktaalik

A

Neck vertebrate allow up/down, side/side movement
Ribs for land breathing
Humerus, radius, ulna in fins

Biodiversity (4 decks)

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