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NeuroScience > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The anxiety disorders are associated genetically with…
a. schizophrenia and depression
b. schizophrenia
c. depression
d. none of these

A

Depression

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2
Q

Cognitive neuroscience assumes that the complexity of the mind can be understood by examining…
a. the ratio of white to gray matter
b. localized areas of the brain presumed to be indicative of how people think.
c. electrical processing speed
d. blood flow

A

Localized Areas of the brain presumed to be indicative of how people think.

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3
Q

Why does the paper of “Blaming the Brain” state that technology is unlikely to tell us what constitutes a normal mind?
a. The clinical interview of symptoms reported by the patient is most accurate
b. Mental health practice is no where near the practical application of bio-markers, genetic testing and brain imaging as confirmatory tools.
c. Definitive laboratory tests to confirm mental disorders are only available to the rich and famous
d. What defines a normal mind is culturally determined, not technology determine

A

Mental health practice is no where near the practical application of bio-markers, genetic testing and brain imaging as confirmatory tools.

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4
Q

In “Blaming the Brain”, Erickson highlighted that a wealth of neuroscience evidence shows that brains are dynamic and malleable with their structure and function readily changed by_____________.

A

Behavior

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5
Q

According to “Blaming the Brain”, which of the following factors are largely responsible for criminal recidivism?
a. alcohol use
b. drug use
c. dispositional traits
d. a, b, and c
e. a and c

A

a, b, and c

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6
Q

A problem with most intelligence tests is that they…
a. are not based on theory
b. are each based on a different theory
c. assess a limited group of abilities
d. try to cover too many abilities in one test.

A

assess a limited group of abilities

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7
Q

Impaired sociability in autistic individuals may involve low levels of which of the following chemicals?
a. risperidone
b. serotonin
c. thalidomide
d. oxytocin

A

Oxytocin

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8
Q

It is likely that ____is/are important to general intelligence.
a. size of neurons
b. processing speed
c. processing efficiency
d. a, b, and c
e. b and c

A

b and c

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9
Q

Research suggests that, normally, environmental effects on intelligence…
a. are almost nonexistent
b. are significant but difficult to identify
c. are less important than the effect of heredity.
d. are more important than the effect of heredity

A

are significant but difficult to identify

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10
Q

The best evidence that ethnic differences in intelligence are not genetic is that…
a. the various groups perform the same on culture-free tests
b. no well-done research has shown an IQ difference
c. no genes for an ethnic difference in intelligence have been found
d. adoption into a more stimulating environment reduces the difference

A

adoption into a more stimulating environment reduces the difference

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11
Q

Sam has dramatically reduced brain tissue and enlarged ventricles, but his IQ is 105. His disorder is most likely which of the following?
a. hydrocephalus
b. phenylketonuria
c. down syndrome
d. autism

A

hydrocephalus

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12
Q

The body has 2 types of rhythms that affect sleep. __________________is the first rhythm modulated by serotonergic input and is based on a 24 hour cycle; ____________________ are rhythms that involve several peaks over a 24 hour period.
a. ultradium; circadian
b. circadian, ultradium
c. ultradium; zeitgeber
d. none of the abov

A

circadian, ultradium

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13
Q

Amen identifies several foods he says are “real weapons of mass destruction”. Choose what is NOT on his list.
a. foods from animals raised on antibiotics and hormones
b. foods stored in plastic containers
c. low-glycemic foods
d. highly processed foods
e. low-fiber foods

A

low-glycemic foods

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14
Q

(Amen) Intermittent fasting for 12 hours a day between dinner and breakfast has been shown to significantly improve which of the following:
a. memory
b. mood
c. fat loss
d. inflammatory markers
e. all the above

A

All the above

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15
Q

What does Amen say is the biggest problem with low-quality foods?
a. they are high in calories
b. they’re cheap
c. they increase the risk of brain health and mental health issues
d. they are infested with all kinds of bugs

A

they increase the risk of brain health and mental health issues

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16
Q

(Amen) Which of the following is a cause of being evenly mildly de-hydrated?
a. mood disruptions
b. low energy and poor physical performance
c. trouble concentrating and poor memory
d. a, b, and c

A

a, b, and c

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17
Q

Which of the following statements are true, according to Dr. Amen?
a. High quality protein at every meal balances blood sugar and keeps cravings away. More is better.
b. Meal Replacement drinks are a good solution to reduce calorie consumption
c. The best carbohydrates to eat are colorful, high glycemic and high fiber.
d. Endorphins, found in gluten, dairy, rice and corn can have opiate-like effects on the brain, making it hard to stop eating them.
e. Avoid all liquid fats.

A

Endorphins, found in gluten, dairy, rice and corn can have opiate-like effects on the brain, making it hard to stop eating them

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18
Q

Following this kind of diet regime will help you identify possible food allergens which could be contributing to rashes, gut problems, inflammation, mood issues, brain fog, and sleep problems, according to Dr. Amen.
a. The stay clean diet
b. The elimination diet
c. The cleansing diet
d. The intermittent die

A

The elimination diet

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19
Q

Neurolaw’s initial focus was on obtaining financial remedies for people with traumatic brain injuries. However, the introduction of brain imaging now has neurolaw questioning the validity of free will. This is problematic in our justice system because
a. it inevitably questions the legitimacy and role of punishment
b. it provides an inarguable link between brain damage and willful intent
c. it doesn’t present a problem but rather a great solution to questions here-to-for unanswerable
d. none of the above

A

it inevitably questions the legitimacy and role of punishment

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20
Q

Which of the following facts does the “Blaming the Brain” paper say are currently relied upon in determining which areas of the brain are responsible for human “thinking”?
a. anecdotal evidence from brain injury victims
b. observations of people under the effects of psychoactive chemicals
c. highly contrived experiments conducted within the confines of the fMRI laboratory
d. all the above

A

all of the above

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21
Q

If you were diagnosed with schizophrenia, you should prefer _____________ symptoms.
a. positive
b. chronic
c. negative
d. bipolar

A

positive

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22
Q

Of these contributors, the best predictor of PTSD following trauma is
a. a history of childhood abuse
b. being male
c. the severity of the trauma
d. the intensity of the reaction to the trauma

A

a history of childhood abuse

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23
Q

Instability of emotion is a hallmark of
a. bipolar II disorder
b. PTSD
c. OCPD
d. borderline personality disorder

A

borderline personality disorder

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24
Q

The fact that schizophrenia involves multiple genes helps explain
a. vulnerability to winter viruses
b. the onset late in life
c. positive symptoms
d. different degrees of vulnerability.

A

different degrees of vulnerability.

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25
Q

All drugs that are effective in treating schizophrenia
a. interfere with reuptake of dopamine
b. have some effect at D2 receptors
c. stimulate glutamate receptors
d. inhibit serotonin receptors

A

have some effect at D2 receptors

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26
Q

Which disorder is the bridge between schizophrenia and depressive disorders?
a. Borderline personality disorder
b. obsessive-compulsive disorder
c. bipolar disorder
d. post-traumatic stress disorder

A

bipolar disorder

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27
Q

ECT appears to relieve depression by…
a. producing amnesia for depressing memories
b. the same mechanisms as antidepressant drugs
c. punishing depressive behavior
d. increasing EEG frequency

A

the same mechanisms as antidepressant drugs

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28
Q

A frontal area hypothesized to switch between depression and mania is the
a. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
b. caudate nucleus
c. ventral prefrontal cortex
d. subgenual prefrontal cortex

A

subgenual prefrontal cortex

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29
Q

Studies indicate that risk for suicide is related to
a. low norepinephrine and low serotonin
b. high norepinephrine and high serotonin
c. low serotonin
d. low norepinephrine

A

low serotonin

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30
Q

Neuroscientists generally agree that binding of spatial, color, and movement information into a single perception involves
a. the insula
b. the anterior cingulate cortex
c. synchronization of neural activity between brain areas
d. activation of the default mode network

A

synchronization of neural activity between brain areas

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31
Q

The part of the brain where attention is shifted among stimuli may be the
a. basal forebrain
b. magnocellular nucleus
c. thalamus
d. raphe nuclei

A

thalamus

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32
Q

An explanation offered for confabulation links it to damage to the
a. locus coeruleus
b. temporal lobes
c. pulvinar
d. frontal areas

A

frontal areas

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33
Q

The body’s own rhythm, when the person is isolated from light is
a. approximately 24 hr long
b. approximately 25 hr long
c. approximately 28 hr long
d. It’s unclear because of conflicting studies

A

It’s unclear because of conflicting studies

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34
Q

Jim is totally blind, but he follows a 24 hour day-night cycle like the rest of us and seems comfortably adapted to it. Animal studies suggest that he relies on
a. a built-in rhythm in his SCN
b. non-visual receptors in his eyes
c. clocks and social activity
d. a and b
e. b and c

A

non-visual receptors in his eyes

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35
Q

Evidence that REM sleep specifically enhances consolidation is that
a. REM increases after learning
b. REM deprivation interferes with learning
c. performance improves following REM sleep
d. a and b
e. a, b, and c

A

a, b, c

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36
Q

The magnocellular nucleus is responsible for
a. initiating sleep
b. waking the individual
c. switching between REM and non-REM sleep
d. producing atonia during REM

A

producing atonia during REM

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37
Q

Cataplexy is…
a. sleep without a REM component
b. a waking experience of atonia
c. a more severe form of narcolepsy
d. clinically significant insomnia

A

a waking experience of atonia

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38
Q

Evidence supporting a network theory of consciousness is
a. the broader effect of a sensory stimulus during consciousness
b. than an executive for the networks has been identified
c. that there are several centers of consciousness
d. none of these

A

the broader effect of a sensory stimulus during consciousness

39
Q

Research with adults, children, chimpanzees, and monkeys suggests that we are born with
a. a mechanism for number or quantity
b. the ability to do the same things as savants
c. many times more intellectual capacity than we use
d. time-limited abilities that inevitably deteriorate with age

A

a mechanism for number or quantity

40
Q

Some observers claim the high correlation between identical twins’ IQs occurs because they evoke similar treatment from people. This was refuted by a study in which the correlation
a. held up when the twins were reared separately.
b. was unaffected by parents’ misidentification of twins as fraternal or identical
c. was just as high in mixed-sex as in same-sex identical pairs
d. increased as the twins grew older, though they lived apart.

A

was unaffected by parents’ misidentification of twins as fraternal or identical

41
Q

Apparently, the most critical effect on intelligence during aging is loss of
a. speed of processing
b. motivation
c. neurons
d. synapses

A

speed of processing

42
Q

Most mild intellectual disability is believed to be caused by
a. an impoverished environment
b. brain damage sustained during birth
c. a combination of a large number of genes
d. a combination of environmental and hereditary causes

A

a combination of environmental and hereditary causes

43
Q

This is a sleep-inducing hormone released by the pineal gland; originating from the amino acid tryptophan.
a. Serotonin
b. GABA
c. Melatonin
d. melanopsin

A

melanopsin

44
Q

Which of the following statements define a complete sleep cycle? These cycles can repeat themselves every 90 minutes and can be repeated up to 5 full cycles per night of sleep.
a. 4 states of NREM sleep before entering REM during Stage 5
b. a NREM state alternating with a REM state
c. 4 states of REM sleep before each state of NREM sleep
d. none of the above.

A

4 states of NREM sleep before entering REM during Stage 5

45
Q

Which of the following statements about sleep are NOT true?
a. Genes active during sleep are believed to be involved in protein synthesis, modifying synapses and memory consolidation.
b. A 90 minute nap during the day is ideal to consolidate what has been studied and to improve performance on a test about to occur.
c. More than 100 genes have been identified as showing increased activity during sleep.
d. Sleep can be “made up” as long as it happens within 7 days of the loss.

A

Sleep can be “made up” as long as it happens within 7 days of the loss

46
Q

Identify the hypothetical theory which states that schizophrenia involves excessive dopamine in the brain such that the high level of dopamine causes neuronal death in the basal ganglia.
a. Vulnerability Model
b. Dopamine Theory
c. Glutamate Theory
d. Aberrant Salience Hypothesis

A

Dopamine Theory

47
Q

Which of the following side effects are not characteristic for First Generation Antipsychotics?
a. tardive dyskinesia
b. blocking of the parasympathetic nervous system
c. blank affect
d. excitation of the sympathetic nervous system

A

excitation of the sympathetic nervous system

48
Q

In trying to diagnose schizophrenia, which brain anomaly below should not be given much consideration even if present?
a. increased size of ventricular channels
b. decrease in white and gray brain tissue
c. wide spread deficits across the surface of the brain
d. high hippocampal activation

A

increased size of ventricular channels

49
Q

Which of the following reasons do NOT support the theory that Schizophrenia is a developmental disease?
a. evidence of problematic neuronal migration in the frontal and temporal lobes
b. Behavioral evidence from home movies of people later diagnosed as schizophrenic
c. severe lack of pruning of synapses during adolescence
d. Rapid loss of brain volume during adolescence

A

severe lack of pruning of synapses during adolescence

50
Q

Which affective disorder is highly hereditary at 85-93%?
a. schizophrenia
b. MDD
c. Bipolar
d. Seasonal affective Disorder

A

Bipolar

51
Q

There are 3 primary ways to electrically stimulate the brain and reduce depression. One of them actually induces seizures in order to increase firing synchrony over large areas of the brain. Name it.
a. Transcranial magnetic stimulation
b. Deep brain stimulation
c. Electroconvulsive therapy
d. MAOI treatmen

A

Electroconvulsive therapy

52
Q

What is the name of this structure in the hypothalamus which is the maiin “clock” controlling circadian rhythm?
a. Pineal Gland
b. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
c. Basal ganglia
d. amygdala

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

53
Q

Which one of the following statements is NOT true regarding the sleep-inducing hormone, Melatonin?
a. Taking too much supplemental melatonin can disrupt your circadian rhythm.
b. it stops being produced by the Pineal Gland if light is present
c. The same amount is needed to produce eigher light sleep or a deeper sleep.
d. Too much supplemental melatonin can cause nightmares and vivid dreams.

A

The same amount is needed to produce eigher light sleep or a deeper sleep.

54
Q

Which of the following would not be a zeitgeber?
a. consistent work schedule
b. regular meal times
c. spontaneous emergency siren
d. sunrise

A

spontaneous emergency siren

55
Q

In which stage of sleep does the body paralyze itself even though brain activity is as high as it would be if the person is awake?
a. REM
b. Stage 1
c. Stage 2
d. Stage 3
e. Stage 4

A

REM

56
Q

What is the importance of sleep spindles?
a. They provide electric sparks to the cerebral cortex to promote memory consolidation
b. High firing rates promote brain capacity to learn the next day.
c. When firing decreases, heart rate slows and body temp drops.
d. a. and c.
e. b. and c.
f. a., b. and c

A

a, b, and c

57
Q

Night terrors are different than dreams and can only occur if this type of sleep wave is happening:
a. Alpha
b. Beta
c. Theta
d. Delta

A

Delta

58
Q

The first REM cycle lasts about 10 minutes. Subsequent cycles are increasingly longer. What would be the longest lime the last REM cycle could last?
a. 30 minutes
b. 60 minutes
c. 90 minutes
d. 120 minutes

A

60 minutes

59
Q

What is the difference between REM and non-REM dreams?
a. There is no difference
b. REM dreams replicated real life situations and non-REM dreams don’t
c. REM dreams are associated with visual imagery and a narrative plot while non-REM dreams are disjointed.
d. REM sleep is promoted by the basal ganglia and non-REM sleep is promoted by the brainstem.

A

REM dreams are associated with visual imagery and a narrative plot while non-REM dreams are disjointed.

60
Q

There are many theories about the purpose of sleep. Which theory says that REM sleep flushes away useless information and brain clutter to promote the ability to pay attention the next day and to consolidate memories?
a. Repair & Restoration Theory
b. Freudian Theory
c. Evolutionary Theory
d. Learning Theory

A

Learning Theory

61
Q

Sleep experts suggest keeping the room where you sleep quite cool. Why is that?
a. Because we are all supposed to be conserving energy.
b. Because sleep spindles will keep firing if the body is too warm, and Delta wave sleep will be compromised.
c. Because the body may flail dangerously during REM sleep in a warm room
d. None of these.

A

Because sleep spindles will keep firing if the body is too warm, and Delta wave sleep will be compromised

62
Q

We know that 3 chemicals get the body ready to sleep. What are they?
a. adenosine, melatonin, GABA
b. Acetylcholine, Melatonin, GABA
c. Caffeine, Adenosine, Melatonin
d. Adenosine, Caffeine, GABA

A

. adenosine, melatonin, GABA

63
Q

The PONS sends impulses to the magnocellular nucleus to produce ___________ during REM. If it is disordered, cataplexy can be seen which is a form of __________________.
a. sleep spindles, neurodegenerative disease
b. dreams, catanoia
c. atonia, narcolepsy
d. rapid eye movement, blindness

A

atonia, narcolepsy

64
Q

Which of the following statements about getting quality sleep is wrong?
a. Less than 7 hours per night will result in cumulative negative consequences with less and less sleep.
b. We should try to keep the same sleep schedule every day.
c. Naps can help make up for a loss of sleep during the night.
d. A mental, physical or emotional consequence will occur if restorative sleep is not achieved.

A

Naps can help make up for a loss of sleep during the night.

65
Q

Why is taking a stimulant to be able to stay up late and write a paper not such a bad idea on occasion (assuming you do not have ADHD)?
a. Stimulants affect the central nervous system and are highly addictive.
b. Stimulants interfere with the sleep-wake cycle so your goal can be achieved.
c. If you do not have ADHD, the effects can increase your energy and concentration even to an uncontrolled state of euphoria.
d. It can cause sudden death in some people who may not know they have a heart condition.
e. None of these.

A

None of these

66
Q

Which of the following conditions represent the most common genetic cause of intellectual disablity?
a. Fragile “X” Syndrome
b. Down’s Syndrome
c. Hydrocephalus
d. Phenylketonuria

A

Down’s Syndrome

67
Q

Phenylketonuria is a rare genetic disorder with symptoms of mental deficiency. It is characterized by the abnormal build up of this amino acid, which is found in most meats and some artificial sweeeners.
a. phenylalanine
b. tyrosine
c. cysteine
d. acetylcholine

A

phenylalanine

68
Q

44% of persons on the Spectrum Scale have IQ scores that are
a. below average (<30 IQ)
b. average (100 IQ)
c. average to above average (>85 IQ)
d. way above average

A

average to above average (>85 IQ)

69
Q

The autistic brain undergoes dramatic growth during the first year of life, with overgrowth focused in frontal and temporal areas. By what age does the excess growth phenomenon end?
a. 16 years old
b. 3-5 years old
c. 8-10 years old
d. puberty

A

3-5 years old

70
Q

Autistics are hypothesized to lack a “theory of mind” which is
a. the inability to make decisions
b. the ability to infer what other people are thinking based on experience.
c. the inability to reason logically
d. the ability to construct testable theories

A

the ability to infer what other people are thinking based on experience.

71
Q

Which of the following neurochemicals are NOT generally associated with ASD issues?
a. serotonin
b. dopamine
c. Glutamate
d. GABA
e. Oxytocin

A

dopamine

72
Q

Which of the following statements is true about ADD/ADHD?
a. It’s primarily a behavior management problem by adults in the room.
b. It disappears with age.
c. It is a disorder of attention and a problem of performance and consistency.
d. It must always be treated with stimulant drugs such as Ritalin.

A

It is a disorder of attention and a problem of performance and consistency.

73
Q

ADHD is inherited at a mean rate of what percentage?
a. 25%
b. 50%
c. 10-28%
d. 80%

A

80%

74
Q

ADHD is believed to be the result of…
a. hectic and undisciplined childhoods
b. too much dopamine
c. a problem with effective release and reloading of neurotransmitters.
d. lack of mirror neurons

A

a problem with effective release and reloading of neurotransmitters.

75
Q

Which of the following statements are NOT true of Schizophrenia?
a. It affects about 10% of the population.
b. It has its onset in men during the teens and twenties; in women during the twenties and thirties.
c. It involves a distortion of thought and emotion.
d. It consists of either Acute symptoms (develops suddenly and responds well to treatment) or Chronic symptoms (develops gradually and is harder to treat.)

A

It affects about 10% of the population.

76
Q

What is the current heritability rate believed to be for schizophrenia?
a. 10-40%
b. 60-90%
c. less than 1%
d. 50%

A

60-90%

77
Q

Which of the following statements accurately describe schizophrenia as a developmental disease:
a. Involves a rapid loss of brain volume during adolescence and young adulthood.
b. There is evidence of severe pruning of synapses during adolescence involving both the dopamine and glutamate pathways.
c. Behavioral evidence is present long before a diagnosis as evidence by historical home movies
d. all of these are accurate

A

all of these are accurate

78
Q

Disorders including OCD, Acral lick syndrome, Trichotillomania, hoarding and Tourette syndrome all represent this class of Psychological Disorders:
a. Mood Disorders
b. Auto-Immune Disorders
c. Personality Disorders
d. Affective Disorders

A

Personality Disorders

79
Q

Which sleep theory sustains that brain cells deflate by up to 60% during sleep so that toxins can be more easily cleared away?
a. Synaptic Homeostasis Hypothesis
b. Adaptive Hypothesis
c. Waste Removal System Theory
d. Revers Learning Hypothesis

A

Waste Removal System Theory

80
Q

A decline in frontal lobe function is characteristic of schizophrenia. Here there is a dopamine deficiency and symptoms are generally flat affect, social withdrawal and cognitive impairments. What is the name of this phenomenon?
a. Hydrocephalus
b. Hypofrontality
c. Synchrony
d. Heterogenesis

A

Hypofrontality

81
Q

Both OCD and Tourette syndrome involve compulsive rituals, probably because they involve
a. increased dopamine
b. increased activity in the basal ganglia
c. a stressful home life
d. all of these

A

increased activity in the basal ganglia

82
Q

Schizophrenia apparently involves
a. tissue deficits
b. frontal dysfunction
c. disrupted connections
d. a and b
e. a, b and c

A

a, b, and c

83
Q

The monoamine hypothesis states that depression results from
a. reduced activity in norepinephrine and serotonin synapses.
b. increased activity in norepinephrine and serotonin synapses
c. reduced activity in norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine synapses
d. increased activity in norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine synapses

A

reduced activity in norepinephrine and serotonin synapses.

84
Q

The most important function of sleep is
a. restoration of the body
b. restoration of the brain
c. safety
d. a, b, and c
e. It’s still uncertain.

A

It’s still uncertain.

85
Q

What is your brain doing when you are sleeping?
a. resting
b. organizing memories
c. performing critical functions necessary to keep optimal levels of operation
d. isolating toxins

A

performing critical functions necessary to keep optimal levels of operation

86
Q

Some evidence for the credibility of dissociative identity disorder is
a. the high frequency of its diagnosis
b. different patterns of physiological measures
c.patients’ lack of incentive to fake the symptoms
d. location of the damage in a particular brain area

A

different patterns of physiological measures

87
Q

According to most neuroscientists, dreams are
a. a way of resolving the day’s problems
b. a replay of daytime learning
c. symbolic representations of emotional material
d. a by-product of neural activity

A

a by-product of neural activity

88
Q

An “executive” sleep and waking center is located in the
a. rostral pons
b. lateral hypothalamus
c. preoptic area of the hypothalamus
d. magnocellular nucleus
e. none of the above

A

None of the above

89
Q

a rapid switch of mood between hypomania and mild depression

A

→ Cyclothymic Disorder,

90
Q

a continuous sadness, loss of interest in absolutely anything

A

→ Unipolar Depression,

91
Q

alternating episodes of mania and major depression

A

→ Bipolar I,

92
Q

depression that worsens in the winter and improves in the summer

A

→ seasonal affective disorder,

93
Q

depression that lasts for weeks or months. Sleep disturbances and slowness of thought. Very infrequent bouts of enjoying anything in life.

A

→ Major Depression,

94
Q

Alternating episodes of mild hypomania and major depression

A

→ Bipolar II

NeuroScience (5 decks)

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