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NeuroScience > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The best argument that caffeine is an addictive drug like alcohol and nicotine is that

A

It affects the same process areas of the brain.

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2
Q

Alcoholics often…
a.have reduced serotonin and dopamine functioning.

b.Are more sensitive to smaller alcohol amounts following a rehab effort

c.Have an inherited preference for the taste of alcohol.

d.A & B

e.A, B & C

A

A&B

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3
Q

When the brain requires increasing amounts of a drug in order to produce the same effects as before, this is called
a. situation specificity
b. withdrawal
c. tolerance
d. resistance

A

tolerance

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4
Q

All addictions will ultimately affect levels of this neurotransmitter:
a. Dopamine
b. Acetylcholine
c. GABA
d. Serotonin

A

dopamine

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5
Q

This important circuit best explains how the neural basis of reward works in the brain:
a. mesolimbic dopamine pathway
b. mesocortical dopamine pathway
c. mesolimbocortical dopamine system
d. frontalstriatal dopamine system

A

mesolimbocortical dopamine system

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6
Q

Which of the following explanations provides the best reason why individualized treatment for each addict should become the norm to achieve the best recovery rate?
a. Treatment for genetic alcoholism is very different from learned alcoholism.

b.Most addicts also have comorbid mental illnesses so the pharmacological treatment needs to be tailored to just them.

c. Group treatment is too expensive and unavailable.

d. Individual treatment supports better paying positions in mental hospitals

A

Most addicts also have comorbid mental illnesses so the pharmacological treatment needs to be tailored to just them.

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7
Q

Which of the following phrases are not part of the definition of a drug and its effect on the brain?
a. Drug effects are much shorter acting than natural neurochemicals.

b. A drug is a substance that on entering the body changes the body or its functioning by acting on natural brain chemicals.

c. A drug event often releases much more of a brain chemical than a natural evvent.

d. The strength of effect and illegality are not the criteria for classifying a substance as addictive.

A

drug effects are much shorter acting than natural neurochemicals

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8
Q

When higher levels of dopamine enter the body and trigger the reward system, baseline levels of dopamine activity will decrease in the system. What does this mean?
a. The response to normal rewarding stimuli is decreased and falling below the new baseline will trigger withdrawal and cravings.

b. Because the baseline level for reward from the drug drops after a small amount of exposure, it will progressively take more of a drug, or a more powerful drug to produce the same effect the addict wants.

c. Neither of the above.

d. Both the above.

A

Both of the above

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9
Q

Eliza woke up in the emergency room, much to her surprise. The physician told her she was lucky that she had bood found unconscious in her car. It didn’t make sense to Eliza; she had shot up her usual dose, from the same lot as yesterday, from the same supplier, but she had never, ever administered her heroin in her car. Eliza had overdosed because

a.she had panicked and the adrenaline reduced her tolerance

b.
she had administered the drug in a novel environment

c.
the heroin was most likely contaminated with another drug

d.
the heroin was a designer drug to which she had no cross-tolerance.

A

she had administered the drug in a novel environment

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10
Q

In addition to dopamine, what other neurotransmitter has been linked to the reward/addiction circuit?

a.glycine
b.oxytocin
c.GABA
d.histamine

A

GABA

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11
Q

The connections between drugs of abuse and cues surrounding drug use involve activity in the
a. habenula
b. thalamus
c. hypothalamus
d. hippocampus

A

Hippocampus

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12
Q

The crux of treating addictions is in stablizing what?
a.the environment
b.prescribed medications
c.the withdrawal period
d.cravings

A

cravings

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13
Q

Brain reward pathways develop fastest in what phase of life?
a.Toddler
b.Grade School
c.Adolescence
d.Young Adulthood

A

adolescence

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14
Q

Which of the following statements is critical to having hope against addiction AND true?

a.
Addictive behaviors often occur below the level of conscious awareness.

b.
All behavior is learned, so it can be “unlearned”.

c.
Genetics influences the behavior but it doesn’t determine it.

d.
Once an addict reaches a tolerance level, it will only stay at that level for a limited amount of time before the bar is raised higher, requiring more and stronger substances.

A

genetics influences the behavior but it doesn’t determine it.

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15
Q

The ____________hypothalamus triggers the desire for food, while the _________________hypothalamus turns hunger off.
a. frontal, Ventromedial
b. Lateral, Ventromedial
c. Ventromedial, frontal
d. Ventromedial, Lateral

A

lateral, ventromedial

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16
Q

Hector continues to be a high-stakes gambler even though he knows the odds of winning mostly favor the casino and he also knows that he will lose his house to the bank, putting all 12 of his kids out on the street. Where does he likely have brain damage?
a. Insula
b. hippocampus
c. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
d. Amygdala

A

Ventromedial Prefrontal cortex

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17
Q

Which of the following are not a homeostatic function of the body?
a. Thirst
b. Hunger
c. Heat Regulation
d. Sexual Drive

A

Sexual Drive

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18
Q

Which of the following types of neuronal systems work together to promote homeostasis.
a. autonomic and sympathetic
b. parasympathetic and autonomic
c. CNS and PNS
d. Motor system, Sensory system

A

autonomic and sympathetic

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19
Q

The energy that is required to fuel the body at rest for 1 day is called
a. the BMI
b. the Saturation rate.
c. the Basal Metabolism Rate
d. The absorption rate

A

The basal metabolism Rate

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20
Q

Sensation seeking is an essential component of which theory of homeostasis?
a. incentive theory
b. drive theory
c. arousal theory
d. set-point theory

A

arousal theory

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21
Q

When the current condition does not equal the set point, which of the following is true?

a.
Motivation will decrease and the organism will wait until the current situation changes.

b.
Motivation will decrease so the organism is more likely to behave randomly

c.
The organism will be motivated to behave to return the drive to the set point.

d.
The organism will be in a temporary state of satisfaction until the drive returns to the set point and motivates directed behavior.

A

the organism will be motivated to behave to return the drive to the set point.

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22
Q

Buck was bleeding heavily from a gunshot would in his leg. He was desperate for something to drink because of ___________________thirst.
a. hypovolemic
b. hypervolemic
c. hypothalamic
d. osmotic

A

hypovolemic

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23
Q

Motivation is a construct, not a specific place in the brain. Which theory of motivation states that when a condition deviates from its homeostatic state, a drive is created which then impels one to perform behaviors to restore the balance?
a. Instinct Theory
b. Drive Reduction Theory
c. Incentive Theory
d. Arousal Theory

A

Drive Reduction Theory

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24
Q

Important in prefrontal cortical suppression of aggression. Low levels are associated with more impulsive aggression due to a lack of an inhibition message being sent to the hypothalamus and amygdala.
a.Norepinephrine
b. GABA
c. Serotonin

A

serotonin

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25
Q

Increasing levels of this neurochemical are similar to that of increasing serotonin.
a.Norepinephrine
b. GABA
c. Serotonin

A

Norepinephrine

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26
Q

This is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. It is used as a treatment for anxiety or as a sedative
a.Norepinephrine
b. GABA
c. Serotonin

A

GABA

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27
Q

In this theory, stimuli are detected by the PNS and transmitted to the brain. It is a bottom-up theory; a situation causes a physiological reaction, which is then interpreted as an emotion.
a. integrative embodiment theory
b. Schachter-Singer Cognitive Theory of emotion
c. Connon-bard theory
d. James Lange theory

A

James Lange theory

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28
Q

This theory is top-down because information about the emotion spreads from the brain to the body. It states that many bodily responses are too slow to generate an emotional response.
a. integrative embodiment theory
b. Schachter-Singer Cognitive Theory of emotion
c. Connon-bard theory
d. James Lange theory

A

Cannon-Bard theory

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29
Q

This is two-factor theory of emotion. It says an emotion is determined by the cognitive appraisal of a situation plus the instinctual response to the stimulus
a. integrative embodiment theory
b. Schachter-Singer Cognitive Theory of emotion
c. Connon-bard theory
d. James Lange theory

A

Schachter-Singer Cognitive theory of emotion

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30
Q

This theory is another two-factor theory of emotion done in 2013 that backs up the findings of Schachter-Singer’s Cognitive Theory.
a. integrative embodiment theory
b. Schachter-Singer Cognitive Theory of emotion
c. Connon-bard theory
d. James Lange theory

A

integrative embodiment theory

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31
Q

If you had to name one limbic system structure as the primary structure involved in emotions of fear and anxiety, it would be the
a. hypothalamus
b. cingulate gyrus
c. fornix
d. amygdala

A

amygdala

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32
Q

What can we conclude from studying PET and fMRI studies of emotion and brain activation?
a. Specific emotions consistently activate specific areas.

b. Places activated during a given emotion cluster in certain areas but are also scattered across wide areas of the brain.

c. There is no discernible pattern of brain activation for most emotions.

d. The findings support the localization of function approach.

A

Places activated during a given emotion cluster in certain areas but are also scattered across wide areas of the brain.

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33
Q

How do people with damage to the ventromedial cortex in the frontal lobe respond on a gambling card task?
a. They do not understand any rules of the gambling task.

b. They learn to shift from risky to safe decks, but only after they receive penalties with the risky deck.

c. They do not shift from risky choices to more advantageous, safe decks as control subjects do.

d. After they learn how the game works, they finally make the switch to avoid penalties.

A

They do not shift from risky choices to more advantageous, safe decks as control subjects do.

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34
Q

If I were to have you make a sad face and then rate your perceptions to a painful stimulus, making a sad face would do what to your pain perceptions?
a. pain with sad face would be more intense

b. pain with sad face would be less intense

c. pain with sad face would not be any different

d. pain with sad face would not be perceptible at all because of input from facial muscles.

A

pain with sad face would be more intense

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35
Q

Consider the delivery of equal amounts of pain–but in one case you know the pain is accidental and in the other the pain is intentional. How would you expect the perception of the pain to be described?
a. Both accidental and intentional pain would be perceived comparably

b. Accidental pain would hurt more.

c. Intentional pain would hurt more.

d. I need more specific information to answer this question.

A

Intentional pain would hurt more

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36
Q

This part of the brain is the seat of emotional memories and plays a major role in our ability to learn. The posterior half is involved in spatial functions while the anterior half is involved in generating emotional states based on past experiences. Name it.
a. Amygdala
b. Hippocampus
c. Ventral Striatum
d. Hypothalamus

A

Hippocampus

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37
Q

If someone presents with increased anxiety and sadness and has trouble with math, reasoning, rule-following and orderliness, which hemisphere might be damaged in light of hemispheric specialization?
a. Left Hemisphere
b. Right Hemisphere
c. Both Hemispheres
d. No way to know this.

A

Left Hemisphere

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38
Q

Your friend, Joe, used to be the life of the party. After his car accident, however, he seemed unable to sense when people were angry with him and would not see humor in some ridiculously funny jokes, even if he was the one telling them. If he had brain damage from the accident, which hemisphere was affected?

a. Right.
b. Left.
c. Both.
d. Unable to discern.

A

Right

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39
Q

Which of the following conditions are not an effect of negative stress?
a. Chronic inflammation possibly causing high blood pressure and cardiac arrest.

b. The BBB becomes leaky, allowing circulating inflammatory proteins to get in to the brain, ultimately affecting learning and memory capabilities.

c. Chronic stress ultimately changes neurochemical levels in the brain negatively affecting cognition and mood.

d. Prematurely lowers cortisol levels.

A

Prematurely lowers cortisol levels

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40
Q

In a normal individual, this type of brain neuron is activated when one individual copies the speech or action of another individual. It’s presence helps us feel empathy for others through mimicry. It is believed that there is dysfunction with these neurons in Autism. Name it.

a. Motor Neuron
b. Mirror Neuron
c. Sensory Neuron
d. Interneuron

A

Mirror Neuron

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41
Q

Homeostatic drives such as appetite and thirst, heat dissipation, heat conversation and satiety are controlled by this important organ within the brain.
a. Amygdala
b. Insula
c. Basal Ganglia
d. Hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamus

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42
Q

The majority of studies encompassing the brain’s role in emotion involve seeing effects that may actually be caused by something else that is not a focus of the study. What are these types of studies/findings called?
a. Observational
b. Empirical
c. Correlational
d. Case Studies

A

correlational

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43
Q

Which one of the following properties does not belong to the Amygdala?
a.It monitors the external environment, receiving input from externally generated states and emotional experience.
b. It promotes positive emotions.
c. It is well known for initiating flight or fright emotions.
d. It promotes risk taking behavior if activity is increased.

A

It promotes positive emotions

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44
Q

The right hemisphere is particularly involved in
a. autonomic responses to emotional events
b. recognizing emotion from the tone of people’s voices
c. recognizing emotions in other’s facial expression
d. all of these

A

All of these

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45
Q

Which one of the following statements would be true according to studies using botox injections.
a. There is a positive correlation between the loss of frown lines and more positive moods.
b. Botox injections prevent anger.
c. There is no connection between face muscles and true emotion.
d. All the above.

A

There is a positive correlation between the loss of frown lines and more positive moods

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46
Q

The psychological property associated with pitch
a. Frequency
b. Loudness
c. Amplitude

A

frequency

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47
Q

The amplitude of a sound.

A

loudness

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48
Q

The amount of physical energy in a sound wave.

A

amplitude

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49
Q

Where transduction for hearing takes place.

A

cochlea

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50
Q

Where sound waves strike when they first enter the ear. This part may also rupture if you ascend too deep into water.

A

tympanic Membrane

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51
Q

This part adjusts the tension of the eardrum as a function of environmental noise and is responsible for the rumble you hear when you yawn.

A

tensor tympani

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52
Q

The parts of the middle ear that amplify sound from the tympanic membrane onto the oval window.

A

ossicles

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53
Q

This is the receptive organ of the ear.

A

organ of corti

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54
Q

These cells are auditory receptors

A

hair cells

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55
Q

The membrane in which bodies of hair cells are embedded.

A

basilar membrane

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56
Q

The brain lobe containing the auditory cortex

A

temporal

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57
Q

These are thought to be involved in the martini party effect by increasing sensitivity to select frequency ranges

A

outer hair cells

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58
Q

The full range of human hearing
a. 115
b. 1000-4000Hz
c. 2-3 Hz
d. 85 db
e. 20-20,000Hz

A

20-20,000Hz

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59
Q

Humans are most sensitive to frequencies in this range
a. 115
b. 1000-4000Hz
c. 2-3 Hz
d. 85 db
e. 20-20,000Hz

A

1000-4000Hz

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60
Q

Stimuli have to differ by this amount of Hz in order to be heard/noticed
a. 115
b. 1000-4000Hz
c. 2-3 Hz
d. 85 db
e. 20-20,000Hz

A

2-3 Hz

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61
Q

repetitive instances of listening to sounds above this range is harmful
a. 115
b. 1000-4000Hz
c. 2-3 Hz
d. 85 db
e. 20-20,000Hz

A

85 db

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62
Q

gas powered lawn equipment generally operate in this range

A

115

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63
Q

A disturbance in the comprehension or production of language caused by brain damage.

A

aphasia

64
Q

Difficult in selecting the right words and pronunciation

A

Broca’s Aphasia

65
Q

Difficulty understanding others and making utterances that have no meaning.

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

66
Q

The inability to write

A

agraphia

67
Q

Impaired reading in which ‘won’ may be read ‘now’, ‘bog’ as ‘dog’ and words may move around the page.

A

Dyslexia

68
Q

inability to read

A

alexia

69
Q

Sound is the most difficult to locate when
a. It comes from behind
b. It is closer to one ear than the other
c. it is equidistant from both ears
d. it comes from ahead

A

it is equidistant from both ears

70
Q

This structure is in the middle ear and is responsible for the “pop” you feel in your ears if you ascend or descend quickly.
a. tympanic membrane
b. ossicles
c. Cochlea
d. Pinna

A

tympanic membrane

71
Q

Damage to this language area is characterized by halting, non-fluent speech with problems articulating and using proper grammar.
a. wernicke’s area
b. Broca’s area
c. Primary auditory cortex
d. angular gyrus

A

Broc’s Area

72
Q

Which of the following pathways correctly apply to language processing as currently understood:
a. Language follows the MesoLimboCortical Pathway.

b. Speech passes from Wernicke’s Area to Broca’s area to prepare to articulate a verbal response.

c. Speech passes from Broca’s Area to Wernicke’s are to prepare to articulate a verbal response.

d. Language pathways have no apparent order.

A

Speech passes from Wernicke’s Area to Broca’s area to prepare to articulate a verbal response.

73
Q

What is the critical period of English language acquisition? In other words, at what point does a person no longer learn language at a stable or increasing rate?
a. the first 7 years
b. the 2nd-5th years
c. year 1-3
d. the first 16 years

A

the first 7 years

74
Q

If a person is multilingual, what are we likely to see if we did a PET scan while they talked in all their known languages?
a. All languages are activated in the same location in the brain.

b. Different languages have completely separate language centers in the brain.

c. Different languages activate different yet overlapping language centers.

d. A PET scan wouldn’t tell us this, we would have to do an MRI.

A

Different languages activate different yet overlapping language centers.

75
Q

A sound created from a mixture of sine wave frequencies is a
a. pure tone
b. complex sound
c. high frequency tone
d. none of the above

A

complex sound

76
Q

When you hear a police siren, the sound seems to rise and fall. What is most likely responsible for this perceptual experience?
a. changes in amplitude
b. changes in location
c. changes in frequency
d. changes in Time of arrival

A

Changes in frequency

77
Q

Which of the following is a correct statement about hair cells and the auditory process?

a. The outer hair cells are responsible for increasing cochlear sensitivity and sharpening frequency tuning.
b. The inner hair cells are responsible for encoding the sound vibrations into electrical signals
c. The level of hair cell stimulation is proportional to the degree that the hair cells are bent.
d. Bending the cilia of a hair cell causes opening of K+ channels
e. All the above.

A

All of the above

78
Q

Which of the following describes most accurately the pathway of sound waves?
a. ossicles, tympanic membrane, round window, cochlea

b. tympanic membrane, oval window, ossicles, auditory cortex

c. tympanic membrane, ossicles, cochlea, auditory nerve

d. ossicles, tympanic membrane, cochlea, auditory nerve

A

tympanic membrane, ossicles, cochlea, auditory nerve

79
Q

in each hemisphere, the primary auditory cortex receives information from
a. the ear on that side
b. the opposite ear
c. both ears, but mainly from the ear on that side
d. both ears. but mainly from the ear on the opposite side

A

both ears. but mainly from the ear on the opposite side

80
Q

Problems with sound conduction such as loss of middle ear bones can be overcome using _______________; problems with the hair cells can only be overcome using __________________.

a. hearing aids; deep brain stimulation
b.cochlear implants; hearing aids
c.hearing aids; cochlear implants
d.deep brain stimulation; hearing aids

A

Hearing aids; cochlear implants

81
Q

Which of the following statements do not apply to discussions about the Outer Ear?

a. The Outer Ear is also called the Pinna.
b. The pinna captures sounds, amplifies them and sends them through the auditory canal.
c. The outer ear is separated from the middle ear by the tympanic membrane.
d. It has ossicles that transfer vibration.

A

it has ossicles that transfer vibration

82
Q

Which of the following can’t happen in the middle ear?

a.
Ossicles transfer vibration from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea.

b.
The tympanic membrane tightens for loud noise and loosens for soft sounds.

c.
The organ of Corti analyzes sound.

d.
The Eustachian tube helps to equalize pressure between the outside world and the middle ear.

A

the organ of Corti analyzes sound

83
Q

The cochlea in the Inner Ear analyzes sound. Which of the following statements about it’s structure and function is wrong?

a.
Contains hair cells that are hearing receptors.

b.
The outer hair cells are the hairs most often damaged by prolonged and repeated loud noise.

c.
There are thousands more outer hair cells than inner hair cells.

d.
Hair cells located in the center of the cochlea detect the highest frequencies.

A

Hair cells located in the center of the cochlea detect the highest frequencies

84
Q

Which sound theory says that no single neuron can respond to each peak of a high frequency complex sound, but a group of neurons can.

a.
Volley Theory

b.
Place Theory

c.
Frequency Theory

d.
None of the above

A

volley theory

85
Q

What limits the frequency of action potentials in hair cells?

a.
The amplitude of the sound wave.

b.
The intensity of the sound wave.

c.
The action potential’s refractory period.

d.
none of the above.

A

the action potential’s refractory period

86
Q

Sound enters the brain via the auditory nerve. From there it is separated into a dorsal stream and a ventral stream. What happens in this auditory pathway?
a. The sound first goes to the parietal lobe which will determine where the sound is coming from.
b. Once the sound location of the sound is identified, it travels along a ventral stream were the sound is identified.
c. The sound input travels primarily to the opposite hemisphere.
d. a. and b.
e. a. and c.
f. all the above

A

all of the above

87
Q

Which of the following statements best describe the Sensory System of Hearing?

a.
Perception is the acquisition of sensory information

b.
Each hair cell is a receptor cell that is structured to respond to a particular form of energy which is converted into neural responses.

c.
The ear picks up sound behind you quicker than in front of you.

d.
A single neuron can be responsible for the peak of a high-frequency sound.

A

Each hair cell is a receptor cell that is structured to respond to a particular form of energy which is converted into neural responses.

88
Q

Which one of the following statements is not true about the Brain and Language?

a.
Language follows processing streams throughout the cortex.

b.
Speech passes from Wernicke’s Area to Broca’s Area to prepare to articulate a verbal response.

c.
Speech passes from Broca’s Area to Wernicke’s Area to prepare to articulate a verbal response.

d.
Language impairment caused by damage to the brain is called aphasia.

A

Speech passes from Wernicke’s Area to Broca’s Area to prepare to articulate a verbal response.

89
Q

What is Prosody and where does it reside in the brain?

a.
The process of using intonation, emphasis and rhythm to convey meaning; left hemisphere

b.
The process of using intonation, emphasis and rhythm to convey meaning; right hemisphere

c.
The process of visual mapping to language heard to better understand meaning; right hemisphere

d.
The process of visual mapping to language heard to better understand meaning; left hemisphere

A

The process of using intonation, emphasis and rhythm to convey meaning; right hemisphere

90
Q

Osmotic thirst is to due to what?
a. Dryness of the mouth and throat.
b. Lack of fluid in the cells.
c. Reduced volume of the blood.
d. Stimulation of pressure receptors.

A

lack of fluid in the cells

91
Q

Which 2 hormones neuronally trigger the desire for food?

A

NPY, Ghrelin

92
Q

What is a homeostatic set point?

A

the body’s preferred level of a state

93
Q

A healthy brain scan has which of the following characteristics?
a. a scalloping surface area with low activity overall

b. marked increased activity in the frontal lobes

c. full, even symmetrical activity and blood flow

d. overall increased activit

A

full, even symmetrical activity and blood flow

94
Q

Which of the following conditions increase one’s risk of chronic inflammation affection their mental/physical health?
a. High levels of Vitamin D
b. A diet rich in sugar, trans fats, artificial sweeteners, gluten, excessive omega-6 fatty acids
c. High Omega 3 Index
d. Low body weight

A

A diet rich in sugar, trans fats, artificial sweeteners, gluten, excessive omega-6 fatty acids

95
Q

Dr. Amen is concerned about the effect of medications on a healthy microbiome in the gut. In particular, he is concerned that ______________ can impair memory, negatively affect mood, & stop cell growth in the hippocampus.
a. NSAIDS
b. Aspirin
c. Opiates
d. Antibiotics

A

antibiotics

96
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT a result of the effect of chronic inflammation on brain health/mental health issues?
a. It can mistake healthy tissue for a foreign invader and begin attacking it

b. High levels of inflammation have been associated with low motivation and suicidal behavior

c. it is necessary in order to reduce vulnerability to infection and to heal from injuries

d. it is associated with a host of mental health disorders

A

it is necessary in order to reduce vulnerability to infection and to heal from injuries

97
Q

Leakey Gut Syndrome is caused by

a.
the leaking of digestive enzymes out of the gut

b.
a widening of cell junctions in the gut lining that allows toxins to get in

c.
the leaking of undigested food from the gut

d.
none of the above

A

a widening of cell junctions in the gut lining that allows toxins to get in`

98
Q

There are many things we can do to help prevent destructive levels of inflammation. Check the one item that is not a good solution.
a.
limit antibiotics

b.
increase intake of probiotic foods

c.
eliminate fish from the diet

d.
Pay attention to good dental and gum health

A

eliminate fish from the diet

99
Q

Genes load the gun; but your ___________ and _________________ pull the trigger.

A

behaviors, environment

100
Q

Which of the following answers best represents the genetic risks for brain health issues?
a. family history of neurological illnesses

b. family history of psychiatric illnesses, including addictions

c. not being serious about health, despite family history

d. epigenetic factors, such as poor diet, exposure to environmental toxins and unresolved trauma

e. all of the above

A

all of the above

101
Q

Per Dr. Amen, mild traumatic head trauma is too often a major cause of psychiatric illness. Which of the following should someone do to decrease their risk detrimental effects of head trauma?

a.
Protect your head (bike helmets, seat belts, etc.)

b.
actively engage in repairing past injuries with neurofeedback and nutraceuticals

c.
Have your hormones tested

d.
all the above

A

all of the above

102
Q

Per Dr. Amen, which of the following happens to the brain after physical trauma:

a.
bruising

b.
broken blood vessels and bleeding

c.
damage to nerve cell connections

d.
lack of oxygen dispersal

e.
a and c

f.
a, b, d

g.
all the above

A

all the above

103
Q

According to Dr. Amen, which of the following conditions are not symptoms of Irlen Syndrome?

a.
light sensitivity

b.
headaches, moodiness, inattentiveness under bright or fluorescent lights

c.
problems judging distance

d.
fine motor control

A

fine moter control

104
Q

Per Dr. Amen, you can teach yourself biofeedback once you know your heart rate or breathing patterns. What CAN’T you do using these mental exercises?

a.
control blood sugar

b.
slow your heart rate

c.
warm your hands

d.
decrease sweat gland activity

A

control blood sugar

105
Q

Check all of the following ways that toxins poison the brain and contribute to mental illness, according to Dr. Amen?

a.
Damage cell membranes

b.
impair the immune system

c.
promote excessive cerebral blood flow

d.
damage DNA

e.
disrupt the gut microbiome

A

all BUT promote excessive cerebral blood flow

106
Q

Per Dr. Amen, which of the following toxins can be absorbed through the skin?

a.
asbestos

b.
paint fumes

c.
BPA found in plastics and plastic coatings

d. Mold

A

BPA found in plastics and plastic coatings

107
Q

An adequate and an inadequate stimulus, such as light versus pressure on the eyeball, will produce similar experiences because

a.
they both activate visual receptors and the visual cortex.

b.
the receptors for touch and vision are similar

c.
touch and vision receptors lie side by side in the eye.

d.
our ability to discriminate is poor

A

they both activate visual receptors and the visual cortex

108
Q

frequency is to pitch as

A

loudness is to intensity

109
Q

The fact that neurons are limited in their rate of firing by the refractory period is most damaging to which theory?

A

telephone

110
Q

The place theory’s greatest problem is tha

A

the entire basilar membrane vibrates about equally at low frequencies.

111
Q

An auditory neuron’s tuning curve tells you

A

how much the neuron responds to different frequencies

112
Q

A Cochlear implant works because

A

it stimulates auditory neurons

113
Q

an auditory object is

A

a sound recognized as distinct from others

114
Q

as a binaural sound location cue, difference in intensity works..

A

poorly at low frequencies

115
Q

On returning home from the hospital, an elderly neighbor drags one foot when he walks and uses almost exclusively nouns and verbs in his brief sentences. You guess that he has had a mild stroke located in his

A

left frontal lobe

116
Q

Most researchers agree that dyslexia is primarily a problem of

A

phonological processing

117
Q

Evidence providing some support for a language acquisition device comes from studies showing that American Sign Language activates

A

the left hemisphere

118
Q

The role of mirror neurons in language development is supposedly in the

A

imitation of gestures and mouth actions

119
Q

Alcohol, barbiturates and benzodiazepines are deadly when taken together because they

A

affect the same receptor complex

120
Q

Psychedelic drugs often produce hallucinations by

A

stimulating serotonin receptors

121
Q

Evidence in the text that addiction does not depend on the drug’s ability to produce withdrawal symptoms is that

A

they are produced in different parts of the brain

122
Q

When rats trained to press a lever for electrical stimulation of the brain are given a drug that blocks dopamine receptors, lever pressing

A

decreases

123
Q

the most obvious indication that learning and brain plasticity are involved in action is seen in

A

craving

124
Q

Agonist treatments for drug addiction

A

mimic the drug’s effect

125
Q

The type of alcoholism in which the individual drinks regularly is associated with

A

antisocial personality disorder

126
Q

Alcoholics often
a. have reduced serotonin and dopamine functioning

b. are more sensitive to the effects of alcohol

c. are unusually lethargic and use alcohol as a stimulant

d. have an inherited preference for the taste of alcohol

A

have reduced serotonin and dopamine functioning

127
Q

A problem that makes some people question drive theory is that

A

not all motivation involves tissue needs

128
Q

An animal is said to be in homeostasis when it

A

is at its set point temperature

129
Q

A structure in the medulla that is involved in taste as well as in hunger and eating is the

A

nucleaus of the solitary tract

130
Q

You have trouble with rabbits eating your garden. Several sprays are avalable, but they are washed off each day by the sprinklers. The solution with the best combination of kindness, effectiveness, and ease for you would be to

A

spray the plants occasionally with a substance that makes the rabbits sick

131
Q

During the absorptive phase

A

glucose from the stomach is the main energy source

132
Q

Neurons in the arcurate nucleus release NPY, which

A

increases eating

133
Q

A long-term signal that influences eating is

A

leptin

134
Q

Regarding environmental influences on weight

A

sleep loss increases appetite

135
Q

When we say that the body defends weight during dieting, we mean primarily that

A

the persons metabolism decreases

136
Q

Studies comparing the weights of adopted children with their biological parents and their adoptive parents

A

show that weight is influenced most by heredity

137
Q

Which of the following was not discussed as a factor in anorexia and/or bulimia?

A

increased numbers of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

138
Q

Regarding anorexia and bulimia

A

evidence indicates that epigenetic changes occur during adolescence

139
Q

The James-Lange theory and the cognitive theory disagree on whether

A

bodily feedback determines which emotion is felt

140
Q

Some people with brain damage do not seem to learn from the consequences of their behavior and must have supervised care. Based on the location of their damage, you would expect that they would particularly be lacking in

A

Fear

141
Q

A person with partial paralysis seems remarkably undisturbed about the impairment. The paralysis

A

probably is on the left side of the body

142
Q

Which of the following statements are true about stress.
a. prolonged stress reduces immune system function
b. stress impairs health
c. brief stress mobilizes the immune system
d. a and b
e. a, b, and c

A

A,B,C

143
Q

Long-term exposure to cortisol may affect memory by

A

destroying neurons in the hippocampus

144
Q

Indications are that if pain did not have an emotional component, we would probably

A

be deficient in avoiding harm

145
Q

Two structures described in the text as being involved in both aggression and flight are the

a. amygdala
b. anterior cingulate cortex
c. hypothalamus
d. periaqueductal gray

A

Amygdala, Hypothalamus

146
Q

According to research, you would have your best chance of showing that testosterone increases aggression in humans if you injected testosterone into

A

people with low seotonin

147
Q

Based on information in the text, the chance of violent criminal behavior is increased in males who

A

B and C

148
Q

The term “unconscious” emotion implies

A

non-felt emotion

149
Q

The level of awareness of an emotion depends on

A

a, b , c

150
Q

What Lobe is represented by the Blue Area in the diagram?

A

the occipital Lobe

151
Q

What Lobe is represented by the Red Area in the diagram

A

frontal lobe

152
Q

What is represented by the Brown area in the diagram?

A

cerebellum

153
Q

What lobe is represented by the teal area in the diagram?

A

parietal Lobe

154
Q

What lobe is represented by the yellow area in the diagram?

A

Temporal lobe

155
Q

What is represented by the “stick” entering at the base of the brain?

A

brain stem

156
Q

What is represented by the gray area in the diagram?

A

hind brain

NeuroScience (5 decks)

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