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NeuroScience > EXAM 3 > Flashcards

EXAM 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the range for a visible wavelength of light?

A

380-800NM

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2
Q

The transparent outer coat of the front of the eye.

A

Cornea

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3
Q

A flexible tissue that allows us to focus on objects at different distances

A

Lens

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4
Q

The structure that controls the amount of light that enters the eye. It is a band of circular pigmented muscles.

A

Iris

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5
Q

The point in the brain where axons from the retina cross over to the other side of the brain.

A

The optic chiasm

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6
Q

Another name for rods and cones.

A

Photorecptors

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7
Q

The location of rods and cones

A

back of the retina

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8
Q

Photopigment utilized by rods; 3 varities

A

rhodopsin

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9
Q

Photopigment utilized by cones; 3 varities

A

lodopsin

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10
Q

Photorecepters that provide high visual acuity.

A

cones

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11
Q

The location of the best visual acuity and the place of central focus on the retina.

A

Fovea

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12
Q

The cells of the visual system in which action potentials fire.

A

ganglion cells

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13
Q

This spot marks the complete lack of photoreceptors.

A

blindspots

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14
Q

System specialized for fine detail and color. Cells are smaller and color-opponent. Maximal color distinction depends on maximal stimulation. Primarily contributes to the ventral stream.

A

Parvocellular System

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15
Q

System specialized for responding to brightness contrast, depth perception and movement. Originates from ganglion cells with large, brightness-opponent circular receptive fields. Primarily contributes to the Dorsal Stream.

A

Magnocellular System

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16
Q

Problems identifying an object.

A

Damage to the Ventral Stream,

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17
Q

Problems reaching out to take hold of an object.

A

Damage to the Dorsal Stream,

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18
Q

The deficit caused by impairment of a visual processing area.

A

Agnosia

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19
Q

The inability to recognize familiar faces

A

Prosopagnosia

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20
Q

This type of sight involves information passing through the superior colliculus directly to the cortex without registering through the normal visual pathway.

A

Blind Sight

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21
Q

The ability to perceive than an object is the same color despite different lighting conditions.

A

Color Constancy

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22
Q

The loss of ability to perceive color due to brain damage.

A

Color Agnosia

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23
Q

The first place action potentials fire in the visual system.

A

Ganglion Cells

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24
Q

Photoreceptors make in-line synaptic contact with these cells

A

Bipolar Cells

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25
Q

A retinal cell that helps combine inputs from adjacent ganglion cells

A

Amacrine cell

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26
Q

Prism studies led Newton to propose that white light was composed of 7 fundamental colors. He was later proven wrong by which theory?

A

→ Young-Hemholtz Theory,

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27
Q

This theory has difficulty explaining why yellow is perceived as a primary color and the negative color aftereffect.

A

→ Trichromatic Theory,

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28
Q

The theory that states 3 color receptors respond in an opponent-process fashion.

A

→ Hurvich and Jameson

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29
Q

Evidence of this theory occurs at the level of the cones.

A

→ Trichromatic Theory,

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30
Q

Evidence of this theory occurs at the level of the ganglion cells

A

→ Opponent Process Theory,

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31
Q

Color response curves, overlapped responses of all three cone types and the discovery of color-opponent cells in monkeys provide evidence for this theory.

A

→ Combined color theory of color vision.,

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32
Q

This theory postulates that the visual system performs a Fourier frequency analysis of the brightness variations in a scene and not just to detect edges.

A

→ Spatial Frequency Theory

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33
Q

Characterizes the diseased brain of an Alzheimer’s patient.

A

→ Clumps of amyloid plaque protein and neurofibrillary tangles

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34
Q

The part of the neuron at which clumps of beta amyloid cluster.

A

→ axon terminals,

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35
Q

The hippocampus is cut off from the rest of the brain when Alzheimer’s disease destroys part of these lobes.

A

→ temporal,

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36
Q

A decrease in attention shown by Alzheimer’s patients is due to brain damage in these lobes

A

→ frontal,

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37
Q

In evaluating the development of plaque formation and neurofibrillary tangles, which is believed to be the precursor.

A

→ plaque formation,

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38
Q

Alzheimer’s disease is associated with a lack of this key neurotransmitter important for memory processes.

A

→ Acetylcholine,

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39
Q

If this disease symptom can be diminished, the progression of Alzheimer’s disease can be reduced 90%.

A

→ neurofibrillary tangles,

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40
Q

The idea that lifelong learning can make an individual resistant to the cognitive deficits of Alzheimer’s disease is the basis of this hypothesis.

A

→ Reserve

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41
Q

The formation of permanent Memories.

A

→ Consolidation,

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42
Q

The process of accessing stored memories

A

→ Retrieval,

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43
Q

A temporary register for information while it is being used. It is least crucial in remembering familiar faces.

A

→ Working Memory,

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44
Q

The type of memory that helps you get to class every day even if you can’t remember the building name or room number.

A

→ Nondeclarative Memory,

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45
Q

Memory deficits involving facts.

A

→ Declarative Memory,

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46
Q

The processing of putting long-term memories back into storage after retrieval

A

→ Reconsolidation

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47
Q

The cause of Korsakoff’s syndrome.

A

→ chronic alcoholism-produced thiamine deficiency

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48
Q

Characteristic symptom(s) of Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

→ Anterograde and retrograde amnesia,

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49
Q

The best therapy for beginning stages of Korsakoff’s syndrome.

A

→ Thiamine

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50
Q

This symptom of Korsakoff’s syndrome resembles story-telling but is really a consequence of memory loss.

A

→ confabulation

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51
Q

If you are looking for something moving in your darkened bedroom at night, you are most likely to see it_________________ and it will be ______________.

A

on the edges of your visual field; an object in shades of gray

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52
Q

When Chris needed to see the fine print, he knew to look at the document straight on using his foveal vision; the fovea gives us our highest visual acuity because
a. the fovea is a ‘rod-only’ zone
b. the fovea has cones with dedicated ganglion cells
c. the fovea does not have bipolar cells
d. the fovea has rods which share many ganglion cells

A

the fovea has cones with dedicated ganglion cells

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53
Q

We have blurry vision when we look out of the corner of our eyes because the peripheral retina
a. contains cones
b. has receptors that number many to only a few ganglion cells
c. has smaller receptive fields
d. has receptors which synapse on far more ganglion cells

A

has receptors that number many to only a few ganglion cells

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54
Q

The cell membranes of photoreceptors contain sodium and calcium channels that are normally
a. open
b. closed
c. depolarized
d. hyperpolarized

A

Open

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55
Q

When light hits photoreceptors, the photoreceptors _____________________, and the bipolar cells ______________.

A

release less NT; release more NT

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56
Q

Which of the following is a main difference between the receptive fields of ganglion cells and the receptive fields of cortical cells?
a. Those of ganglion cells are arranged side by side, while those of cortical cells have a circular arrangement.
b. Those of ganglion cells have a circular arrangement, while those of cortical cells are arranged side by side.
c. Those of ganglion cells detect bars of light, while those of cortical cells detect spots of light.
d. None of these.

A

Those of ganglion cells have a circular arrangement, while those of cortical cells are arranged side by side

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57
Q

All of the following are possible ways for learning to become compromised EXCEPT
a. damage to brain structures
b. aging
c. long term potentiation
d. brain disorders

A

Long term potentiation

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58
Q

Damage to which area is most likely to producw anterograde amnesia?

A

Hippocampus

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59
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles are associated with

A

death of brain cells

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60
Q

Which of the following environmental factors triggers activity in beta amyloids and increases the occurrence of Alzheimer’s 5- to 10-fold?

A

bacterial infections

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61
Q

What is considered to be a main factor influencing changes in the risk of Alzheimer’s in countries such as the US and the UK?

A

increasing education levels

62
Q

How do three of the five approved drug treatments for Alzheimer’s in the US work to restore acetylcholine transmission?

A

They interfere with the enzyme that breaks down the NT at the synapse.

63
Q

Patient H.M.’s brain surgery resulted in which of the following deficits:

A

the ability to encode new declarative memories

64
Q

ReConsolidation of memory refers to

A

restoring memories to long term storage after they have been retrieved

65
Q

Which memory system provides a very brief, temporary register for information while it is being used?

A

working memory

66
Q

Research concludes that the hippocampus plays a time-limited role in

A

consolidation and retrieval

67
Q

Blocking receptors for this neurotransmitter shortly after learning has taken place impairs consolidation and memory.

A

dopamine

68
Q

Memory consolidation requires sufficient amounts of which neurotransmitter:

A

dopamine

69
Q

The reason that hippocampus damage can interfere with forming new memories and yet not alter childhood memories is

A

these types of memories are located in different cortical areas of the brain

70
Q

Near which of the following brain areas is memory for language stored?

A

Broca’s area

71
Q

Identifying the color of an object requires memories stored in which of the following lobes?

A

temporal lobes

72
Q

Which two areas of the brain are activated when we identify pictures of tools from memory?

A

hand motor area and left temporal lobe

73
Q

Your grandmother unfortunately had a stroke over the weekend. You take her to the doctor, and the doctor says to expect some declarative memory loss. What will your grandmother have problems with?

A

memory for facts

74
Q

This is the process of forming new memories where each new memory is integrated into our existing body of knowledge.

A

encoding

75
Q

Both Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease produce damage to

A

nondeclarative memory

76
Q

The amygdala contributes to learning by strengthening declarative memories about emotional events involving

A

all are strengthened, provided there is an emotional component

77
Q

Anterograde amnesia is an inability to

A

form new memories

78
Q

Which cortical area is most important for maintaining information in working memory when a distracting stimulus is introduced?

A

prefrontal cortex

79
Q

What do you think is meant by “plasticity” in the brain?

A

structural changes in the connection between neurons

80
Q

Which of the following statements is true about Long-term potentiation:

A

synapses strengthen following repeated stimulation

81
Q

Long-term depression is a decrease in the potency of a synapse when

A

presynaptic neurons are active and postsynaptic neurons are not depolarized at the same time.

82
Q

When a weak synapse and a strong synapse undergo excitatory stimulation concurrently, this process occurs.

A

associative long-term potentiation

83
Q

About 45 to 60 minutes after LTP, all of the following occur among dendritic spines EXCEPT

A

pruning of those that were not used in the process

84
Q

Retrograde amnesia is an inability to

A

remember events prior to the impairment

85
Q

The process of extinction involves

A

new learning

86
Q

For memory to be an efficient cognitive ability, there needs to be

A

a balance between remembering and forgetting

87
Q

When a memory is recalled, it becomes vulnerable again. This is because it must be

A

Reconsolidated

88
Q

Pain receptors communicate pain to the spinal cord which continues to the thalamus and somatosensory cortex. What type of axons communicate sharp pain which signals life/death attention?

A

myelinated A-delta axons

89
Q

Auto-immune diseases are diseases in which the body’s immune system attacks itself. Which of the following is NOT an auto-immune disease?

A

Huntington’s Disease

90
Q

Which of the following factors affect sensitivity level in a particular part of the body?

A

receptor density

91
Q

Equilibrioception is mediated by the vestibular organs and this sense helps us maintain balance. Which one of the following organs are not part of this system.

A

Eustachian tube

92
Q

Pain in skin, muscles and joints is called _____________pain; while pain in internal organs is called ________________pain.

A

somatic, visceral

93
Q

With respect to Body Sensations, what do free nerve endings detect?

A

temperature and pain

94
Q

The amount of somatosensory cortex devoted to any given body region is proportional to

A

how richly innervated with nerves that region is

95
Q

When is pain classified as a disease?
a. When it’s chronic
b.10-15% of the time
c. When pain exists in the absence of known cause
d. all the above

A

All the above

96
Q

What is the neurochemical that relieves pain naturally, binding to opioid receptors?
a. adenosine
b. endorphin
c. serotonin
d. glutamate

A

Endorphin

97
Q

These are neuronal networks in the brain or spinal cord that produce a rhythmic motor activity such as walking or breathing.
a. Central Pattern Generators
b. Spinal Reflexes
c. Golgi Tendon Organs
d. monosynaptic reflexes

A

Central Pattern Generators

98
Q

This neuromuscular degenerative disease is characterized by deterioration of the substantia nigra which provides dopamine to the striatum and basal ganglia.
a. Huntington’s Disease
b. ALS Disease
c. Parkinson’s Disease
d. Myasthenia Gravis

A

Parkinson’s Disease

99
Q

Dr. Amen discusses 4 primary immune system functions. Two of them involve tolerance, both against the external environment and against the internal environment. What word describes the other internal and external function.

A

Defense

100
Q

(Amen) Your vulnerability to illness depends on which of the following factors:
a. strength of your immune system
b. level of exposure
c. stress
d. daily habits
e. all the above

A

All the above

101
Q

(Amen) How can you avoid contracting toxoplasmosis?
a. Feed your house pets only fresh, uncooked meats and vegetables.
b. Get your milk straight from the cow.
c. Always wear gloves when handling soil and wash hands thoroughly afterwards.
d. Clean your cat’s litterbox once a week.

A

Always wear gloves when handling soil and wash hands thoroughly afterwards.

102
Q

What does Dr. Amen classify as the “immunity vitamin”?

A

Vitamin D

103
Q

According to Dr. Amen, which of the following neurohormones influence brain/mental health?
a. thyroid
b. Cortisol
c. Orexin
d. Insulin
e. a, b, d
f. all the above
g. a, c and d

A

a, b, d

104
Q

(Amen) These symptoms are indicative of which condition?

low bone density, lack of motivation, difficulty concentrating, hair loss

A

Low Testosterone

105
Q

(Amen) Which of the following conditions are rarely considered as a cause of hormone disruption?

A

Head Trauma

106
Q

Which of the following habits does Dr. Amen advise you avoid if you want to pay attention to Neurohormone issues?
a. yearly hormone testing
b. Running will be my exercise of choice
c. Add fiber to my diet
d. Avoid animal proteins from animals raised with hormones or antibiotic

A

Running will be my exercise of choice

107
Q

Finish this quote in Amen’s chapter on diabesity that was taken from a study by Raji et al.

“As your weight goes up, ________________________”

A

the size and function of the brain go down.

108
Q

(Amen) What can you eliminate from your diet that could help regulate your body’s production of insulin, stabilize blood sugar levels and facilitate the fat breakdown process?

A

Sugar and other refined carbohydrates

109
Q

A thought system that includes, “Everything in moderation,”, “live a little; you deserve it.”, “I just want to have fun,”, “I want what I want when I want it,”, and “But I always do it this way.” is labeled as what by Dr. Amen?

A

mind-set of diabesity

110
Q

What common baking spice does Amen say has been shown to lower fasting flucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity?

A

Cinnamon

111
Q

(Amen) What should you eliminate from your diet to help stabilize blood sugar levels, facilitate the fat breakdown process and control insulin production?

A

sugar and other refined carbohydrates

112
Q

(Amen) If you leave this medical condition untreated, you triple your risk of depression and dementia, and losing weight will be harder to achieve. You also kill brain cells.

A

Sleep Apnea

113
Q

Getting less than seven hours of sleep for adults and eight hours for teens is labeled as what?

A

Cronic Insomnia

114
Q

Identify a brain-healthy sleep habit.
a. Drink a rewarding cup of coffee or hot chocolate before turning in.
b. Choose to work a night shift.
c. exercise after dinner
d. Make your bedroom cool, dark and quiet.
e. grab a comfort snack close to bedtime.

A

Make your bedroom cool, dark, quiet

115
Q

According to Dr. Amen, which of the following nutraceuticals/neurochemicals should be avoided to achieve quality sleep?
a. GABA
b. dopamine
c. 5-HT
d. Melatonin
e. Magnesium citrate

A

Dopamine

116
Q

Prevention of poor mental health starts with which of the following according to Dr. Amen?

A

Knowing your important health numbers (BMI, BP, Cholesterol, CBC, and the like)

117
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT a negative factor about mind medications?
a. They have significantly more side effects than nutraceuticals.
b. They can provide an excuse for someone to be lazy and rely on the drug rather than choosing harder, but better options.
c. They are usually paid for by insurance.
d. Withdrawal can be difficult.

A

They are usually paid for by insurance

118
Q

What is Dr. Amen opposed to as the first type of treatment in the majority of cases?

A

medication as the first and only treatment

119
Q

(Amen)

Which of the following statements is not a CON (vs. PRO) of choosing nutraceuticals over medication?

A

They generally have dramatically fewer side effects than most prescription medications.

120
Q

In treatment recommendations for his patients, Amen Clinics work in accordance with which of the following principles?
a. Use the least toxic, most effective, science-based treatments
b. Don’t start something a patient will have a hard time stopping as a short term anxiety fix.
c. Fix the problem at hand and deal with complications later.
d. all the above
e. a and b.

A

a and b

121
Q

For treating Schizophrenia, true bipolar disorder and other psychoses, Dr. Amen recommends getting the process under control by doing what first?

A

start appropriate medications

122
Q

For disorders such as ADD/ADHD, anxiety, depression, insomnia and addictions, Dr. Amen prefers to start treatment with ______________________ and follow with medication of these initial treatments are ineffective.
a. Nutraceuticals
b. Attack Bright Minds risk factors
c. eliminate artificial dyes, preservatives and sweeteners from diet
d. all the above

A

all the above

123
Q

Proprioception gives us information about

A

the position and movement of our limbs and body

124
Q

Cells in the premotor cortex would be particularly involved when you

a. remember a visual stimulus during a delay period
b. catch a fly ball
c. start to play a series of notes on the piano
d. execute a movement

A

catch a fly ball

125
Q

The primary motor cortex is most involved in

A

executing movements

126
Q

The basal ganglia and the cerebellum produce
a. no movements
b. movements requiring extra force
c. reflexive movements
d. sequences of movements

A

no movements

127
Q

The skin senses include

A

touch, warmth, cold, pain

128
Q

Sharp pain and dull pain are due primarily to

A

pain neurons which different characteristics

129
Q

Research suggests phantom pain is due to

A

neural reorganization in the somatosensory area.

130
Q

If the nerves providing sensory feedback from the legs were cut, we would

A

have trouble standing upright

131
Q

Errors of perception (otherwise referred to as phenomena of illusions) can be the result of
a. myopia
b. color-blindness
c. knowledge being inappropriately applied In the cognitive process of vision
d. inflexibility of the lens

A

knowledge being inappropriately applied in the cognitive process of vision

132
Q

According to Gregory, perception depends on which of the following (more than one answer is possible):
a. past experience
b. ancestral (prehuman) experience
c. recognition of the present
d. imagination

A

Past experience, ancestral experience, recognition of the present

133
Q

Anterograde amnesia means that the patient has trouble remembering events that occurred when?

A

since the brain damage

134
Q

The aged brain is characterized by substantial ____________throughout the cortex.
a. loss of neurons
b. loss of synapses
c. decrease in metabolism
d. all the above
e. none of the above

A

none of the above

135
Q

If you are positive you know who the 14th president of the United States is, but cannot remember at this very moment, you are having a problem with which of the following?
a. consolidation
b. retrieval
c. amnesia
d. dementia

A

retrieval

136
Q

In the course of paying for a pizza delivery, you go to the kitchen to get cash and forget how much you are supposed to get. This suggests you are having a problem with what kind of memory?

A

Working Memory

137
Q

Synaptic changes during learning involve which of the following:
a. activation of proteins
b. increased number of dendritic spines
c. increased number of receptors
d. all the above

A

All the above

138
Q

Memories are vulnerable to the insertion of “false facts” through suggestions or ideas that fill in the gaps. This usually occurs during the process of

A

reconsolidation

139
Q

According to the spatial frequency theory of visual processing, edges are detected by

A

cells that respond to high spatial frequencies

140
Q

Studies of object, color, and movement agnosias indicate that

A

components of the visual image are processed separately

141
Q

Movement perception is the primary function in which visual area?

A

V5

142
Q

A person who has trouble identifying objects visually probably has damage in which lobe of the brain?

A

temporal lobe

143
Q

Mixing red and green lights produces a sensation of yellow because red-sensitive and green-sensitive cones

A

excite yellow/blue ganglion cells

144
Q

If our experience of color were entirely due to the wavelength of light reflected from an object, we would not experience

A

The color yellow

145
Q

The parvocellular system is specialized for

A

color and fine detail

146
Q

What would be the effect on vision if there was a problem with your horizontal cells?

A

impaired edge detection in the Mach band illusion

147
Q

People with red-green color blindness

A

have overlapping red and green cone sensitivities resulting in color confusion across the spectrum

148
Q

A light edge has enhanced apparent brightness next to a dark edge because the neurons stimulated by the light edge are inhibited

A

less by their “dark” neighbors

149
Q

The ability of complex visual cortical cells to track an edge as it changes position appears to be due to

A

input from simple cells with similar fields

150
Q

Depth perception contributes to this. It is first detected in the visual cortex.

A

Retinal Disparity

151
Q

These prosthetic devices stimulate ganglion cells.

A

Retinal implants

152
Q

the wavelength of light is most closely associated with the perception of this

A

color

NeuroScience (5 decks)

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