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Toxicology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the Metal distribution categories

A

Geological, Biological, Anthropological

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2
Q

what are the 2 binding sites of heavy metals?

A

SH or carboxyl groups, cation binding sites

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3
Q

in what places in the body are heavy metals accumulated?

A

bone, liver, and kidneys

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4
Q

what is the reactive form of heavy metals?

A

free metal

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5
Q

when is a metal in its transport form?

A

bound

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6
Q

Risk groups or concerns of heavy metal tox

A

children, those frequently drinking milk

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7
Q

why are children more at risk for heavy metal poisoning?

A

bones are still growing/more fragile, have an immature BBB, have an increased GI absorbtion

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8
Q

what are heavy metal tox treatments?

A

chelators

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9
Q

3 examples of chelators

A

EDTA, BAL, DMSA

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10
Q

3 challenges of heavy metal tox treatment

A

inherent toxicity (like BAL), can bind and remove essential metals (EDTA), can increase toxicity (contamination)

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11
Q

symptoms of mercury poisoning

A
  1. CNS/PNS degeneration
  2. tingling/numbness
  3. impaired motor functions
  4. impaired vision/speech
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12
Q

what was released in Minamata Bay (1925)?

A

mercuric chloride (HgCl2)

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13
Q

what happened to the mercury released in minamata bay?

A

was quickly methylated to methyl Hg via aquatic bacteria

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14
Q

itai-itai disease is caused by what?

A

cadmium

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15
Q

3 symptoms of itai-itai

A
  1. soft fragile bones
  2. excessive osteon production
  3. very thin renal cortex
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16
Q

A kidney/liver protein that is capable of binding and sequestering metal ions, particularly those that are toxic to cells such as cadmium, zinc, and copper

A

metallothionein

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17
Q

4 types of radiation

A
  1. α particles
  2. charged particles
  3. 𝛾 rays
  4. X-rays
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18
Q

what are the 2 charged particle radiation forms?

A

β particles and positrons

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19
Q

this is the result of atomic decay (i.e. particle loss)

A

ionizing radiation

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20
Q

3 sources of ionizing radiation

A
  1. α particle loss
  2. Nuclear release of energy (𝛾 rays)
  3. Inner-shell orbital electrons removed (X-rays)
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21
Q

this occurs when radiation causes a transfer of energy to biological systems, resulting in an effect

A

Energy deposition

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22
Q

primarily calculated as the amount of energy absorbed; “D=e/m”

A

Radiation dosage

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23
Q

a weighted dosage based on the type of radiation or the absorption ability of certain tissues

A

Effective dosage (He)

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24
Q

radiation type weighting from highest to lowest

A

α > 𝛾 or X-rays

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25
Q

absorption ability weighting from highest to lowest

A

gonads > bone marrow > skin

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26
Q

these are numbers given to certain factors to determine the actual effect of energy deposited in tissues

A

Weighing factors

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27
Q

1 J/kg; units of absorbed dosage

A

Grays

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28
Q

Effective dosage of Grays

A

Sieverts

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29
Q

what is the Risk of cancer for radiation exposure

A

about 4-5% per Sievert of dosage

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30
Q

what is the average Background radiation exposure

A

about 2 mSv per year

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31
Q

4 sources of Background radiation

A
  1. Cosmic radiation
  2. Terrestrial radiation
  3. Internal emitters
  4. Major background exposure
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32
Q

Terrestrial radiation examples

A

uranium & potassium

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33
Q

Internal emitters example

A

potassium

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34
Q

Major background exposure examples

A

radon/radium

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35
Q

Lifetime exposure (85 years) of radiation for lung, bone marrow, body

A

180, 10, 260 mSv

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36
Q

DNA damage can lead to what outcomes:

A

repair, lethality, mutations

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37
Q

ionizations from energy deposition occur in the genome at what percentage

A

1%

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38
Q

Stochastic effects of irradiation

A

DNA strand breaks, mitosis susceptibility

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39
Q

4 Non-stochastic effects of irradiation

A
  1. blebbing plasma membrane
  2. membrane permeability
  3. cell death/necrosis
  4. tissue damage
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40
Q

4 Susceptible tissues to Non-stochastic effects of irradiation

A
  1. GI
  2. neuromuscular
  3. Hemopoietic system
  4. neurons/CNS
41
Q

a toxicant response that is very similar to “essential” toxicants (high dose and very low doses have high lethality)

A

Hormesis

42
Q

this is a complex, bitter organic compound that contain nitrogen and usually oxygen

A

Alkaloids

43
Q

Alkaloids mainly occur in what?

A

seed plants

44
Q

5 Alkali-like substances

A

nicotine, atropine, cocaine, novocaine, morphine

45
Q

Morphine mechanism of action in the cell?

A

leads to membrane hyperpolarization via K+ channel opening

46
Q

what toxicant response is the most common in plant tox?

A

local tox

47
Q

GI local tox of plant toxicants symptoms

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, poor absorption, gastroenteritis, dehydration

48
Q

4 plants that cause GI local tox

A
  1. California Buckthorn
  2. Horse chestnut
  3. Ohio Buckeye
  4. Autumn crocus
49
Q

3 GI local plant toxins

A

emodin, esculin, and colchicine

50
Q

responses to skin irritation from plant local tox

A

nerve desensitization, contact dermatitis, inflammatory

51
Q

4 plants that cause skin irritation

A
  1. Spurge family
  2. Philodendron
  3. poison ivy
  4. stinging nettles
52
Q

6 skin irritants plant toxins

A

latex, diterpene, resorcinols, catechols, histamine, NTMs

53
Q

types of systemic tox responses to plant toxins

A

cardiac tox, nervous system tox

54
Q

Na/K ATPase disfunction = cardiac arrhythmia

A

Foxglove

55
Q

Foxglove toxin

A

digitalis

56
Q

nicotinic ACh antagonist = diaphragm paralysis

A

Chondrodendron

57
Q

muscarinic antagonist = CNS, pupil dilation

A

Bellodona, nightshade

58
Q

Bellodona, nightshade toxin

A

atropine

59
Q

Chondrodendron toxin

A

curare

60
Q

the result of “dirty” coal burning that released massive amounts of sulfur dioxide into the air

A

London ‘fog’ of 1952

61
Q

Five major gaseous/toxic pollutants

A

SO2, NO2, O3, CO, Fluoride

62
Q

Health + environmental effects of SO2

A

depletes soil calcium, decreases plant growth, pulmonary irritant

63
Q

Health + environmental effects of NO2

A

pulmonary irritant

64
Q

Health + environmental effects of O3

A

respiratory and eye irritant, protein and AA changes

65
Q

Health + environmental effects of CO2

A

high-affinity heme binding

66
Q

Health + environmental effects of fluoride

A

gastroenteritis, weakness, dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis

67
Q

good! Provides UV protection from the sun

A

Upper atmosphere ozone

68
Q

bad! Formed from reactions between VOCs and nitrogen oxides (NOx) with sunlight

A

Ground-level ozone

69
Q

3 Indoor pollution sources

A

cigarette smoke, formaldehyde, and radon gas

70
Q

members of a single species that live in the same place

A

Population

71
Q

all the species that live in an ecosystem

A

Community

72
Q

biotic and abiotic components and their interactions

A

Ecosystem

73
Q

high population growth (r), low survival to adulthood, short lifespan, oscillating population

A

R-strategists

74
Q

low population growth, high adulthood survival, long lifespans, steady population at carrying capacity (K)

A

K-strategists

75
Q

following a toxic insult which strategist rebounds faster?

A

r-strategists rebound much faster

76
Q

3 Density-dependent factors

A

resources, predation, disease

77
Q

3 Density-independent factors

A

weather, seasonal changes, direct-acting toxicants

78
Q

concentration in the organism / environment concentration

A

Bioconcentration (BF)

79
Q

cultures in test water, seed germination in test soils (highest control)

A

Lab Bioassay

80
Q

Lab Bioassay specimens

A

daphnia, shrimp, bees, quail, trout, fathead minnows

81
Q

Bioconcentration (BF) of lipophilic compounds

A

higher

82
Q

Bioconcentration (BF) of metals

A

low

83
Q

studies that involve caged fish, earthworm canisters

A

Field Bioassay

84
Q

study type that involves tissue analysis of field-collected organisms

A

Field specimens

85
Q

study type that involves field observation and measurements of environment

A

Field studies

86
Q

things observed in a field study test

A

Abundance, productivity, and community structures & relate them to tox gradients in the ecosystem

87
Q

observation of a natural population member like groundhogs or marmots in their natural habitat

A

Endemic Indicators

88
Q

this includes species attractions to (likely toxic) environments to observe them (European starlings with nest boxes)

A

Enhanced Indicators

89
Q

specimens are kept in a contained area and treated with various toxicants to observe the responses in a relatively uncontrolled environment

A

Enclosed Indicators

90
Q

this clause prohibits the FDA approval of food additives that were found to induce cancer when ingested by humans or animals

A

Delaney clause

91
Q

generally recognized as safe

A

GRAS

92
Q

Direct Food Additives examples

A

anticakers, processing aids, colors, flavors, etc

93
Q

materials that were either unintentionally added to foods or were never removed from the food

A

Unintentional

94
Q

Unintentional Food Additives wxamples

A

Herbicides, pesticides, antibiotics, anabolic agents, therapeutic drugs, residues

95
Q

materials present in food due to environmental pollution or faulty handling of the foods

A

Contaminants

96
Q

3 food Contaminants types

A

Biological
Metals
Synthetics

97
Q

synthetic food additives examples

A

PCBs or PBBs

98
Q

sources of lead food contaminants

A

lead crystals, ceramics, ‘tin’ cans

99
Q

a biological food contaminant considered to be a mycotoxin

A

aflatoxin B1

Toxicology (4 decks)

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