Exam 1 Flashcards
4 tox fundamentals
must get to target site; not all biological effects are harmful; effect is dose-related; effects on animals translate to humans
actual risk of poisoning due to toxicity and exposure
hazard
a branch of toxicology that deals with the characterization of toxic effects and the relationship between exposure and toxic effects, without necessarily attempting to identify the mechanisms of action
descriptive tox
a subfield of toxicology that aims to understand the biological mechanisms by which toxicants cause harm to living organisms
mechanistic tox
the application of toxicological knowledge to develop and implement laws and regulations related to public health and environmental protection
regulatory tox
4 biggest contributors to regulatory tox
OSHA, EPA, FDA, Wiley Act
a 1938 US federal law that regulates the labeling and advertising of food, drugs, and cosmetics
Wiley Act
when two substances combined produce an enhanced effect (2+2 =4)
additive
when two substances combined produce an exponentially enhanced effect (2+2=20)
synergistic
a situation where a substance (with no toxicity) combined with a toxicant results in enhanced toxicity (2+0=12)
potentiation
when two toxic substances being combined reduces the overall toxicity (2+2=3)
antagonistic
a concept used in toxicology to assess the risk of a substance defined as the ratio of the NOAEL to the exposure level
Margin of safety (MOS)
a measure of a drug’s safety defined as the ratio of the TD50 to the ED50
Therapeutic Index (TI)
3 variations of toxic responses
Selective toxicity
Species Differences
Individual Differences
Types of Descriptive Toxicity tests
Acute Toxicity Studies, Repeated Dose Toxicity Studies, Chronic Toxicity Studies
