Exam 3 Flashcards
5 biological roles of the liver
metabolism, storage, excretion, AA catabolism, blood protein synthesis
4 major liver vessels
hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, bile duct, hepatic vein
this part of the liver lobule is where bile is sourced from
canaliculi
this is the anatomical unit of the liver that is made up of hepatocytes
liver lobule
a subunit of the hexagonal liver lobule
ascinus
zone 3 functions
metabolism (phase 1 and 2 enzymes)
characteristics of zone 1
high oxidative and regenerative capacity
4 liver cell types
hepatocytes, endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, fat storing cells
specialized capillaries that run through the liver lobules and are lined by endothelial cells; receive blood from hepatic artery & portal vein to drain into central vein
sinusoids
alternate name for zone 1
periportal
alternate name for zone 3
pericentral
transporters belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily that are found in liver cells to aid in toxicant resistance
MDR1 and MDR2 (Multi-Drug Resistance Protein)
3 renal functions
excretion, water volume regulation, ion regulation
the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtration, secretion, and reabsorption of various substances
nephron
reasons why kidneys are susceptible to toxicant damage
25% of cardiac input, concentrated filtrate, reabsorption accumulation, cyt p450 enzymes
filtration organ of the nephron
glomerulus
part of the nephron that reabsorbs glucose/Na+ and secretes substances
proximal tubule
primary part of nephron that reabsorbs water
loop of henle
performs tubular secretion and secretion of H+/K+
distal tubules
part of nephron where toxicants can accumulate
proximal tubules
result of prolonged or severe proximal tubule dmg
reduced or no urine output
these substances can increase bromobenzene toxicity in the kidney
phenobarbitol/other cyt p450 inducers
substances that can dmg kidneys
heavy metals, phenobarbitol, streptomycin, bromobenzene
a lung disease caused by long-term exposure to silica dust; the most widespread and serious occupational disease
silicosis
a chronic lung condition that results from prolonged exposure to silicate fibers; become lodged in the lungs and cause scarring and inflammation
asbestosis
a type of cancer that affects the lining of the lungs, abdomen, or heart; It is caused by exposure to asbestos
mesothelioma
a layer of specialized cells that lines the body’s serous cavities and organs; provides a protective, lubricated surface that allows organs to move
mesothelium
a process characterized by the accumulation of fibrous connective tissue, resulting in scarring and loss of function (mostly in lungs)
fibrosis
challenges of assessing pulmonary exposure
various factors to consider (specifically individual respiration volume)
factors to consider when assessing pulmonary exposure
environment concentration, time of exposure, individual respiration volume
upper respiratory defenses
mucous and ciliated cells
lower respiratory defenses
macrophages and migration
2 lung cell types
epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages
smaller particles tend to end up where in the lungs?
lower respiratory tract
larger particles end up where in lungs?
upper respiratory tract
3 pulmonary functions
O2 delivery, CO2 removal, blood pH regulation
water soluble gases end up where in the lungs
upper respiratory
lipid soluble gases end up where in lungs
lower respiratory
tobacco smoke effects on lungs
paralyze cilia and damage macrophages
average maximum concentration workers can be exposed to
TLV (threshold limit value)
average maximu allowable concentration workers can be exposed to over an 8 hour day
TLV-TWA (time weighted average)
maximum allowable concentration for a 15 min exposure
TLV-STEL (short term exposure limit)
concentration that can never be exceeded
TLV-C (ceiling)
the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a single respiratory cycle
tidal volume
toxicant that causes lung epithelial dmg regardless of exposure route
paraquat
a membrane protein that plays a crucial role in maintaining the electrochemical gradients of essential neuronal ions
Na+/K+ ATPase
reasons why neurons are susceptible to toxic effects
limited repair mechanisms & slow protein/molecule transport
a specialized system of tightly packed cells that line the blood vessels in the brain and prevent harmful substances from entering the brain tissue
Blood-brain barrier
4 type of neurotox injury
neuronopathy, axonopathy, myelinopathy, transmission tox
a toxicant that produces a response similar to the normal substance
agonist
a toxicant that prevents the response of the normal substnce
antagonist
a toxicant that causes myelinopathy by inhibiting protein translation; Numbness, weakness, paralysis
diphtheria toxin
substance that works by preventing the growth and division of cancer cells by binding to and stabilizing microtubules
taxol
substance that prevents the growth and division of cancer cells by binding to microtubule subunits and preventing formation
colchicine
a class of drugs that inhibit the activity of the enzymes responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters; increase NTMs in brain
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
