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Toxicology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

5 biological roles of the liver

A

metabolism, storage, excretion, AA catabolism, blood protein synthesis

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2
Q

4 major liver vessels

A

hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, bile duct, hepatic vein

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3
Q

this part of the liver lobule is where bile is sourced from

A

canaliculi

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4
Q

this is the anatomical unit of the liver that is made up of hepatocytes

A

liver lobule

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5
Q

a subunit of the hexagonal liver lobule

A

ascinus

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6
Q

zone 3 functions

A

metabolism (phase 1 and 2 enzymes)

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7
Q

characteristics of zone 1

A

high oxidative and regenerative capacity

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8
Q

4 liver cell types

A

hepatocytes, endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, fat storing cells

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9
Q

specialized capillaries that run through the liver lobules and are lined by endothelial cells; receive blood from hepatic artery & portal vein to drain into central vein

A

sinusoids

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10
Q

alternate name for zone 1

A

periportal

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11
Q

alternate name for zone 3

A

pericentral

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12
Q

transporters belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily that are found in liver cells to aid in toxicant resistance

A

MDR1 and MDR2 (Multi-Drug Resistance Protein)

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13
Q

3 renal functions

A

excretion, water volume regulation, ion regulation

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14
Q

the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtration, secretion, and reabsorption of various substances

A

nephron

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15
Q

reasons why kidneys are susceptible to toxicant damage

A

25% of cardiac input, concentrated filtrate, reabsorption accumulation, cyt p450 enzymes

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16
Q

filtration organ of the nephron

A

glomerulus

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17
Q

part of the nephron that reabsorbs glucose/Na+ and secretes substances

A

proximal tubule

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18
Q

primary part of nephron that reabsorbs water

A

loop of henle

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19
Q

performs tubular secretion and secretion of H+/K+

A

distal tubules

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20
Q

part of nephron where toxicants can accumulate

A

proximal tubules

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21
Q

result of prolonged or severe proximal tubule dmg

A

reduced or no urine output

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22
Q

these substances can increase bromobenzene toxicity in the kidney

A

phenobarbitol/other cyt p450 inducers

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23
Q

substances that can dmg kidneys

A

heavy metals, phenobarbitol, streptomycin, bromobenzene

24
Q

a lung disease caused by long-term exposure to silica dust; the most widespread and serious occupational disease

A

silicosis

25
Q

a chronic lung condition that results from prolonged exposure to silicate fibers; become lodged in the lungs and cause scarring and inflammation

A

asbestosis

26
Q

a type of cancer that affects the lining of the lungs, abdomen, or heart; It is caused by exposure to asbestos

A

mesothelioma

27
Q

a layer of specialized cells that lines the body’s serous cavities and organs; provides a protective, lubricated surface that allows organs to move

A

mesothelium

28
Q

a process characterized by the accumulation of fibrous connective tissue, resulting in scarring and loss of function (mostly in lungs)

A

fibrosis

29
Q

challenges of assessing pulmonary exposure

A

various factors to consider (specifically individual respiration volume)

30
Q

factors to consider when assessing pulmonary exposure

A

environment concentration, time of exposure, individual respiration volume

31
Q

upper respiratory defenses

A

mucous and ciliated cells

32
Q

lower respiratory defenses

A

macrophages and migration

33
Q

2 lung cell types

A

epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages

34
Q

smaller particles tend to end up where in the lungs?

A

lower respiratory tract

35
Q

larger particles end up where in lungs?

A

upper respiratory tract

36
Q

3 pulmonary functions

A

O2 delivery, CO2 removal, blood pH regulation

37
Q

water soluble gases end up where in the lungs

A

upper respiratory

38
Q

lipid soluble gases end up where in lungs

A

lower respiratory

39
Q

tobacco smoke effects on lungs

A

paralyze cilia and damage macrophages

40
Q

average maximum concentration workers can be exposed to

A

TLV (threshold limit value)

41
Q

average maximu allowable concentration workers can be exposed to over an 8 hour day

A

TLV-TWA (time weighted average)

42
Q

maximum allowable concentration for a 15 min exposure

A

TLV-STEL (short term exposure limit)

43
Q

concentration that can never be exceeded

A

TLV-C (ceiling)

44
Q

the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a single respiratory cycle

A

tidal volume

45
Q

toxicant that causes lung epithelial dmg regardless of exposure route

A

paraquat

46
Q

a membrane protein that plays a crucial role in maintaining the electrochemical gradients of essential neuronal ions

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

47
Q

reasons why neurons are susceptible to toxic effects

A

limited repair mechanisms & slow protein/molecule transport

48
Q

a specialized system of tightly packed cells that line the blood vessels in the brain and prevent harmful substances from entering the brain tissue

A

Blood-brain barrier

49
Q

4 type of neurotox injury

A

neuronopathy, axonopathy, myelinopathy, transmission tox

50
Q

a toxicant that produces a response similar to the normal substance

A

agonist

51
Q

a toxicant that prevents the response of the normal substnce

A

antagonist

52
Q

a toxicant that causes myelinopathy by inhibiting protein translation; Numbness, weakness, paralysis

A

diphtheria toxin

53
Q

substance that works by preventing the growth and division of cancer cells by binding to and stabilizing microtubules

A

taxol

54
Q

substance that prevents the growth and division of cancer cells by binding to microtubule subunits and preventing formation

A

colchicine

55
Q

a class of drugs that inhibit the activity of the enzymes responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters; increase NTMs in brain

A

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

Toxicology (4 decks)

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