Exam 2

Question 1

3 natural absorption routes

Answer 1

oral, respiratory, dermal

Question 2

experimental exposure routes

Answer 2

IM, IP, IV, subcutaneous

Question 3

the initial metabolism that a substance undergoes in the liver and gut wall after absorption from the GI tract, before the substance enters the systemic circulation

Answer 3

first pass metabolism

Question 4

first pass route of ingestion steps

Answer 4

1. small intestine absorption
2. hepatic portal vein
3. liver
4. hepatic vein to heart

Question 5

steps of hepatobiliary circulation

Answer 5

1. liver to bile
2. bile secreted in small intestine
3. enterocyte absorption
4. return to liver via portal vein

Question 6

the process by which a toxic substance enters the body and is taken up by the tissues, organs, and fluids

Answer 6

absorption

Question 7

the process by which absorbed toxicants travel to other tissues with varying levels of efficiency (depends on the chemistry of the substance)

Answer 7

distribution

Question 8

the process by which an absorbed substance is chemically altered to aid in the overall excretion of it from the body

Answer 8

metabolism

Question 9

the passive process by which a substance is removed from the body (via filtration, secretion, and reabsorption)

Answer 9

excretion

Question 10

the process by which a substance undergoes the irreversible removal of a toxicant via metabolism and excretion

Answer 10

elimination

Question 11

this is a process of metabolism that alters a substance through oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis to aid in its removal

Answer 11

Phase 1 toxicant metabolism

Question 12

this is a process of metabolism that often involves the conjugation of a substance with small molecules (like sulfate, glutathione, or AAs) to further aid in their elimination

Answer 12

Phase 2 toxicant metabolism

Question 13

one of the most important Phase 1 metabolism enzymes; responsible for the production of many bioactivated toxicants

Answer 13

Cytochrome p450

Question 14

4 derivatives of cyt450

Answer 14

cyp2e1, cyp3a, cyp2c, cyp1a2

Question 15

This condition can be caused by exposure to toxicants and involves a significant reduction in the level of GSH in the body

Answer 15

glutathione depletion

Question 16

this describes certain substances that often increase the rate at which another substance can be bioactivated; often resulting in the overactivation of certain phase 1 enzymes

Answer 16

cyt p450 inducers

Question 17

programmed cell death; regulated, timely, and minimally damaging to surrounding tissues

Answer 17

apoptosis

Question 18

cell death; usually induced by stressors, unregulated, damaging and inflammatory to surrounding tissues

Answer 18

necrosis

Question 19

cellular changes of apoptosis

Answer 19

1. shrinkage
2. loss of cell membrane
3. loss of nuclear membrane
4. DNA fragmentation

Question 20

apoptosis requirements

Answer 20

1. ability to make protein
2. energy production

Question 21

a normal gene that can potentially become a gene that contributes to the development of cancer; normally regulate cell growth and division

Answer 21

proto-oncogene

Question 22

a gene that contributes to the development of cancer

Answer 22

oncogene

Question 23

a subcellular fraction of a homogenized tissue that contains cytosolic and microsomal enzymes, including cytochrome P450 enzymes; used in the Ames test

Answer 23

S9 fraction

Question 24

the process by which heritable changes in gene expression occur without a change in the underlying DNA sequence; can be caused by exposure to toxicants or stress

Answer 24

epigenetic promotion

Question 25

Potential carcinogens that bind to the regulatory domain of PKC, causing a conformational change that allows the enzyme to become active

Answer 25

Phorbol esters

Question 26

any substance, organism, physical agent, or deficiency that can cause abnormal development/death in an embryo or fetus

Answer 26

teratogen