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Principles of Sociology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important

A

Race

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2
Q

What is the classification of race based on?

A

Physical characteristics

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3
Q

What does it mean to say that race is a socially constructed concept?

A

Race comes into being when the members of a society decide that some particular trait is actually important

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4
Q

What are the four racial categories that Americans tend to see?

A

Black, White, Asian, and Hispanic

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5
Q

How many single race options are on the US census?

A

6

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6
Q

How many multiracial options are on the US census?

A

57

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7
Q

People with light skin and fine hair

A

Caucasoid

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8
Q

People with darker skin and coarse hair

A

Negroid

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9
Q

People with yellow or brown skin and distinctive folds on eyelids

A

Mongoloid

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10
Q

Why do sociologists consider the terms caucasoid/negroid/mongoloid misleading?

A

-No one society contains biologically pue people
-Great variations of physical characteristics exist among similar groups
-There is some overlap of physical characteristics between groups

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11
Q

What do categories of race allow people to do?

A

Rank people in a hierarchy (stratification)

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12
Q

A shared cultural heritage (not necessarily focused on biological factors)

A

Ethnicity

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13
Q

People define themselves as members of a category based on common ancestry, language, and religion that give them a distinctive social identity

A

Ethnic category

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14
Q

People who have a common history and identity, shared customs, language, and religion; people who see themselves as, or are seen by others as, distinct group

A

Ethnic group

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15
Q

The notion that a small amount of African heritage makes an individual wholly black

A

One-Drop rule

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16
Q

A rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people; based on scant or incorrect information

A

Prejudice

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17
Q

Prejudgements that exaggerate the virtues of people like ourselves

A

Positive prejudice

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18
Q

Prejudgement that condemn those who are different from us

A

Negative prejudice

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19
Q

Simplified description applied to everyone in a category

A

Stereotype

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20
Q

Who developed the social distance scale?

A

Emory Bogardus

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21
Q

Measures how closely people are willing to interact with members of some category

A

Social distance scale

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22
Q

The belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another

A

Racism

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23
Q

What are the four theories of prejudice?

A

Scapegoat theory, authoritarian personality, culture theory, and conflict theory

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24
Q

Person or category of people, typically with little power, whom other people unfairly blame for their own troubles

A

Scapegoat theory

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25
Q

People who rigidly conform to conventional cultural values and see moral issues as clear-cut matters of right and wrong

A

Authoritarian personality

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26
Q

Some prejudice is found in everyone because prejudice is part of every culture

A

Culture theory

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27
Q

Conflict theory

A

Prejudice is tool of powerful people to oppress others

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28
Q

Unequal treatment of various categories of people

A

Discrimination

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29
Q

Discriminatory treatment of certain people that is built into a social system; may not intend to discriminate

A

Institutional discrimination

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30
Q

Who formulated a model showing the possible relationship between prejudice and discrimination?

A

Robert Merton

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31
Q

This person is neither prejudiced nor practices discrimination

A

Non-prejudiced non-discriminator (All weather liberal)

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32
Q

This person may be free of prejudice, but they will join clubs that exclude people who belong to out-groups, along with other discriminatory measures; often feel guilt because they are acting against their beliefs

A

Non-prejudiced discriminator (Fair weather liberal)

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33
Q

This person will believe in many of the stereotypes about other groups and definitely feel hostility toward these groups; however, they keep silent in the presence of those who are more tolerant

A

Prejudiced non-discriminator (Timid bigots)

34
Q

This person openly expresses their beliefs, practices discrimination, and defies law if necessary, but they consider such conduct virtuous

A

Prejudiced discriminator (Active bigot)

35
Q

The greater number of people

A

Majority

36
Q

Any category that a society sets apart and subordinates (smaller in number)

A

Minority

37
Q

What are the theories of minority integration?

A

Assimilation, Amalgamation, and Accommodation

38
Q

The process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture

A

Assimilation theory

39
Q

Claims that all diverse peoples blend their biological and cultural differences into an altogether new breed- the American

A

Amalgamation theory

40
Q

A state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing (pluralism)

A

Accommodation theory

41
Q

Biological reproduction by partners of different categories

A

Miscegenation

42
Q

The physical and social separation of categories of people

A

Segregation

43
Q

The systematic killing of one category of people by another

A

Genocide

44
Q

Biological distinction between male and female

A

Sex

45
Q

The personal traits and social positions of members of society attach to being male or female

A

Gender

46
Q

Ideal or appropriate behavior for a person of a specific gender

A

Gender roles

47
Q

Argues that girls and boys are actively involved in constructing their own gendered identities

A

Gender theory

48
Q

Who said that culture is key to gender distinctions; if gender is culturally constructed, then concepts of “male” and “female” should vary by location

A

Margaret Mead

49
Q

The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women

A

Gender stratification

50
Q

A form of social organization in which females dominate males

A

Matriarchy

51
Q

A form of social organization in which males dominate females

A

Patriarchy

52
Q

The belief that one sex is innately superior to the other

A

Sexism

53
Q

Explain the Pink World and Blue World

A

At birth, girls are handled gently, and boys are handled more aggressively

54
Q

The female world revolves around what?

A

Cooperation and emotion

55
Q

The male world revolves around what?

A

Independence and action

56
Q

What percentage of males and females work today?

A

71% of males, 67% of females

57
Q

What percentage of jobs are held by women and men, respectively?

A

47% for women, 53% for men

58
Q

What are some factors that contributed to a change in work force?

A

-Decline in farming
-Growth of cities
-Shrinking family size
-Rising divorce rate

59
Q

What are considered pink collar jobs?

A

Administrative support work

60
Q

Why are women kept out of jobs?

A

-Some work is defined as a “man’s”
-Women are defined as less competent
-Glass ceiling

61
Q

What is the main reason women earn less?

A

They work jobs that pay less

62
Q

Comments, gestures, or physical contact of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome

A

Sexual harassment

63
Q

An analysis of interplay of race, class, and gender, which often results in multiple dimensions of disadvantage

A

Intersection theory (intersectionality)

64
Q

The support of social equality for women and men, in opposition to patriarchy and sexism

A

Feminism

65
Q

A particular approach to achieving equality between men and women that emphasizes the power of an individual person to alter discriminatory practices against women

A

Liberal feminism

66
Q

Argue that liberation can only be achiefved by working to end both the economic and cultural sources of women’s oppression

A

Socialist feminism

67
Q

The perspective within feminism calls for a radical reordering of society in which male supremacy is eliminated in all social and economic contexts. Violence if necessary.

A

Radical feminism

68
Q

The idea that people are inclined to form social groups, incorporate group membership into their identity, take steps to enforce group boundaries, and maximize positive distinction and in-group succeess

A

Social identity theory

69
Q

A law limiting legal recognition of American Indians to those who have at least a certain level of documented indigenous ancestry

A

Blood quantum rule

70
Q

The idea that people come in two and only two types, males who are masculine, and females who are feminine

A

Gender binary

71
Q

People who are assigned male at birth who identify as men as well as people assigned female at birth who identify as women

A

Cisgender

72
Q

People assigned male at birth who don’t identify as men as well as people assigned female at birth who don’t identify as women

A

Transgender

73
Q

People who identify as both man and woman or neither man nor woman

A

Nonbinary

74
Q

The recognition that our lives are shaped by multiple interacting identities

A

Intersectionality

75
Q

The form of masculinity that constitutes the most widely admired and rewarded kind of person in any given culture

A

Hegemonic masculinity

76
Q

An invisible ride to the top offered to men in female-dominated occupations

A

Glass escalator

77
Q

The sorting of different types of people into separate neighborhoods

A

Residential segregation

78
Q

Residential segregation so extreme that many people’s daily lives involve little or no contact with people of other races

A

Hypersegregation

79
Q

A practice of refusing loans to or steeply overcharging anyone buying in poor and minority neighborhoods

A

Redlining

80
Q

Places that lack beneficial or critical amenities

A

Resource deserts

81
Q

The practice of exposing racial and ethnic minorities to more toxins and pollutants than white people

A

Environmental racism

Principles of Sociology (4 decks)

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