Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principles of Sociology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The recognized violation of cultural norms; causes society to see someone as an outsider

A

Deviance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior (regulate deviants)

A

Social control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Behavior such as peer pressure, parental discipline, or community pressure to regulate deviant behavior

A

Informal social controls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the social foundations of deviance?

A
  1. Deviance varies according to cultural norms
  2. People become deviant as others define them that way
  3. Both norms and the way people define rule-breaking involve social power
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who established the Functions of Deviance?

A

Emile Durkheim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the functions of deviance?

A
  1. Affirms cultural values and norms
  2. Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries
  3. Responding to deviance brings people together
  4. Deviance encourages social change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who established Strain Theory?

A

Robert Merton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 5 deviance types according to strain theory?

A

Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, Rebellion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pursuing cultural goals through approved means

A

Conformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Using unconventional means to achieve a culturally approve goal

A

Innovation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stick to rules so stringently, that a cultural goal cannot be met

A

Ritualism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Reject cultural goals and cultural means so that in effect one drops out

A

Retreatism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reject cultural definition of success and the conventional means of achieving success but go further by forming a counterculture (new goal)

A

Rebellion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do, as from how others respond to those actions

A

Labeling theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who developed the idea of primary and secondary deviance (in relation to labeling theory)

A

Charles Lemert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Norm violations that may provoke some reaction from others, but this process has little effect on a person’s self-concept

A

Primary deviance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Deviant behavior that occurs after and because of the fact that an individual has been labeled as a deviant

A

Secondary deviance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A powerfully negative label that great changes a person’s self-concept and social identity; discredits a person’s claim to complete respectability

A

Stigma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition (ex: Alcoholism as a disease rather than a weakness)

A

Medicalization of deviance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Theory that states social control depends on people’s anticipating the consequences of their behavior

A

Hirschi’s Social Control Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the four types of “social bonds” with society according to Hirschi?

A

Attachment, commitment, involvement, belief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Explain the social bond of attachment

A

Individuals with strong and stable links to others in society at less likely to violate social norms (and vice versa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Explain the social bond of commitment

A

Individuals who are more invested in social activities and institutions (through their resources) are less likely to deviate from social norms and expectations (and vice versa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Explain the social bond of involvement

A

Individuals who are actively engaged in conventional endeavors have less time and opportunity to engage in deviant activities (and vice versa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Explain the social bond of belief

A

Individuals who strongly believe in the moral validity of social norms are less likely to deviate from them (and vice versa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A deviant act that is in violation of society’s formally enacted law

A

Crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Explain the structure and purpose of the criminal justice system

A

Composed of the police, courts, and prison officials- to respond to alleged violations of the law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations

A

White collar crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf

A

Corporate crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

A business supplying illegal goods and/or services

A

Organized crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

A criminal act against a person by an offender motivated by racial or other bias

A

Hate crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Crime that direct violence or the threat of violence against others

A

Crimes against the person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Crimes that involve theft of money or property belonging to others

A

Crimes against property

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Concept used to refer to actions that have been made illegal but which do not directly violate or threaten the rights of any other individual

A

Victimless crimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The structure in place to protect any person charged with a crime (right to counsel, speedy trial, etc.)

A

Due process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

A legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendant’s guilty plea

A

Plea bargain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the 5 types of punishment?

A
  1. Retribution- criminal suffers as victim suffered
  2. Deterence- discourage criminal activity
  3. Rehabilitation- program to reform
  4. Societal protection- permanent imprisonment or execution
  5. Community based correction- programs operating within society at large
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the phenomenon where people previously convicted of crimes commit later offenses?

A

Criminal recidivism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy

A

Stratification

40
Q

Explain the four principles of stratification

A

1) It is a trait of society, not a reflection of individual differences
2) Carries over from generation to generation
3) Universal but variable
4) Involves not just inequality but beliefs as well

41
Q

Social stratification based on ascription, or birth (statuses are inherited)

A

Caste System

42
Q

Social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement; believed to be open

A

Class System

43
Q

Social stratification based on personal abilities and achievements

A

Meritocracy

44
Q

The degree of uniformity in a person’s social standing across various dimensions of social inequality

A

Status consistency

45
Q

Cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements including patterns of inequality

A

Ideology

46
Q

What were Plato’s thoughts on stratification?

A

Every society considers some type of inequality fair

47
Q

Explain the David and Moore Ideology

A

-Social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society (has a function and is necessary)
-The greater the functional importance of a position, the more rewards a society attaches to it
-Every society must distribute members in social positions and induce them to perform the duties of those positions
-There must be some way of distributing rewards differentially according to positions

48
Q

Simplify the name of the system proposed by David and Moore Ideology

A

System of positions

49
Q

According to David and Moore Ideology, what are the best-rewarded positions?

A

1) Positions that have the greatest importance
2) Positions that require the greatest training and talent

50
Q

Societies must see that less essential positions do not compete successfully with more essential ones

A

Differential functional importance

51
Q

Explain Marx’s Ideology

A

-Culture and institutions combine to support a society’s elite
-Social stratification is rooted in people’s relationship to the means of production

52
Q

People who sell their labor for wages

A

Proletariat

53
Q

People who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits

A

Bourgeoisie

54
Q

The experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness (how the proletariats feel)

A

Alienation

55
Q

What kind of system did Marx envision overthrowing Capitalism?

A

Socialist System

56
Q

Why was there no worldwide Marxist revolution?

A

1) Fragmentation of the capitalist class
2) A higher standard of living
3) More worker organizations
4) Greater legal protections

57
Q

Explain Max Weber’s Ideology

A

-Classes are not well-defined categories but rather a continuum with three distinct dimensions (economic, status, and power) to create a composite ranking

58
Q

Buying and using products because of the statement they make about a social position

A

Conspicuous consumption

59
Q

Explain the Kuznet Curve

A

It is a formula showing that inequality increases during the early stages of capitalist development- then reaches a critical point and begins to decline

60
Q

Earnings from work and investments

A

Income

61
Q

What is the US median household income?

A

$78, 595

62
Q

The total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debt

A

Wealth

63
Q

The kind of work a person does, while giving respect to those who do what we consider to be more important works nd less to others with more modest jobs

A

Occupational prestige

64
Q

What are some social factors that affect stratification?

A

Education, ancestry, race, gender

65
Q

What distinguishes the upper/upper class from the rest of the upper class?

A

Birth right (blue bloods)

66
Q

Who is the most influential social class in the US?

A

Middle class (40-45%)

67
Q

What distinguishes the upper middle class from the rest of the middle class?

A

College and graduate school education

68
Q

What kind of jobs do average middle-class people have?

A

White collar jobs

69
Q

What does one’s class affect?

A

Health, values and attitudes, politics, and education

70
Q

Movement of individuals within society’s stratification system

A

Social mobility

71
Q

How does one achieve upward social mobility?

A

Marrying up, educating up, or occupation up

72
Q

How does one fall into downward social mobility?

A

Dropping out of high school, divorce, losing a job

73
Q

Upward or downward social mobility occurring during a person’s lifetime

A

Intragenerational social mobility

74
Q

Upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents

A

Intergenerational social mobility

75
Q

Changing jobs at the same class level

A

Horizontal social mobility

76
Q

A shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts

A

Structural social mobility

77
Q

The lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more

A

Relative poverty

78
Q

The lack of resources that is life threatening

A

Absolute poverty

79
Q

What percentage of the US population is impoverished?

A

11.6%

80
Q

What is the income poverty line as set by the US government for a household of 4?

A

$26,500

81
Q

The trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor

A

Feminization of poverty

82
Q

What are the ways to explain poverty

A
  • Blame the poor: unjustly believing that the cause of the problem resides in the individuals who experience the problem
  • Blame the society
83
Q

The idea that we need to be recruited into and taught criminal behavior by people in our social networks

A

Differential association theory

84
Q

The idea that deviance is more common in dysfunctional neighborhoods

A

Social disorganization theory

85
Q

The idea that deviance is facilitated by the development of culturally resonant rationales for rule breaking

A

Neutralization theory

86
Q

Widespread and enduring patterns of interaction with which we respond to categories of human need

A

Social institutions

87
Q

The entire set of interlocking social institutions in which we live

A

Social structure

88
Q

The features of our lives that determine our mix of opportunities and constraints

A

Structural position

89
Q

The resources we use to get things we want and need

A

Capital

90
Q

Financial resources that are or can be converted into money

A

Economic capital

91
Q

The minority of people who control a disproportionate amount of wealth

A

Economic elite

92
Q

A capitalist system with little or no government regulation

A

Free market capitalism

93
Q

A patchwork of programs intended to ensure that the most economically vulnerable do not go without basic necessities like food, clothing, and shelter

A

Social safety net

94
Q

A new class of workers who live economically precarious lives

A

Precariat

95
Q

An invisible barrier that restricts upward mobility

A

Glass ceiling

96
Q

An invisible barrier that restricts downward mobility

A

Glass floor

Principles of Sociology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions