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Principles of Sociology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The recognized violation of cultural norms; causes society to see someone as an outsider

A

Deviance

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2
Q

Attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior (regulate deviants)

A

Social control

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3
Q

Behavior such as peer pressure, parental discipline, or community pressure to regulate deviant behavior

A

Informal social controls

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4
Q

What are the social foundations of deviance?

A
  1. Deviance varies according to cultural norms
  2. People become deviant as others define them that way
  3. Both norms and the way people define rule-breaking involve social power
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5
Q

Who established the Functions of Deviance?

A

Emile Durkheim

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6
Q

What are the functions of deviance?

A
  1. Affirms cultural values and norms
  2. Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries
  3. Responding to deviance brings people together
  4. Deviance encourages social change
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7
Q

Who established Strain Theory?

A

Robert Merton

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8
Q

What are the 5 deviance types according to strain theory?

A

Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, Rebellion

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9
Q

Pursuing cultural goals through approved means

A

Conformity

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10
Q

Using unconventional means to achieve a culturally approve goal

A

Innovation

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11
Q

Stick to rules so stringently, that a cultural goal cannot be met

A

Ritualism

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12
Q

Reject cultural goals and cultural means so that in effect one drops out

A

Retreatism

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13
Q

Reject cultural definition of success and the conventional means of achieving success but go further by forming a counterculture (new goal)

A

Rebellion

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14
Q

The idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do, as from how others respond to those actions

A

Labeling theory

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15
Q

Who developed the idea of primary and secondary deviance (in relation to labeling theory)

A

Charles Lemert

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16
Q

Norm violations that may provoke some reaction from others, but this process has little effect on a person’s self-concept

A

Primary deviance

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17
Q

Deviant behavior that occurs after and because of the fact that an individual has been labeled as a deviant

A

Secondary deviance

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18
Q

A powerfully negative label that great changes a person’s self-concept and social identity; discredits a person’s claim to complete respectability

A

Stigma

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19
Q

The transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition (ex: Alcoholism as a disease rather than a weakness)

A

Medicalization of deviance

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20
Q

Theory that states social control depends on people’s anticipating the consequences of their behavior

A

Hirschi’s Social Control Theory

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21
Q

What are the four types of “social bonds” with society according to Hirschi?

A

Attachment, commitment, involvement, belief

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22
Q

Explain the social bond of attachment

A

Individuals with strong and stable links to others in society at less likely to violate social norms (and vice versa)

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23
Q

Explain the social bond of commitment

A

Individuals who are more invested in social activities and institutions (through their resources) are less likely to deviate from social norms and expectations (and vice versa)

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24
Q

Explain the social bond of involvement

A

Individuals who are actively engaged in conventional endeavors have less time and opportunity to engage in deviant activities (and vice versa)

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25
Q

Explain the social bond of belief

A

Individuals who strongly believe in the moral validity of social norms are less likely to deviate from them (and vice versa)

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26
Q

A deviant act that is in violation of society’s formally enacted law

A

Crime

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27
Q

Explain the structure and purpose of the criminal justice system

A

Composed of the police, courts, and prison officials- to respond to alleged violations of the law

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28
Q

Crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations

A

White collar crime

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29
Q

Illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf

A

Corporate crime

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30
Q

A business supplying illegal goods and/or services

A

Organized crime

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31
Q

A criminal act against a person by an offender motivated by racial or other bias

A

Hate crime

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32
Q

Crime that direct violence or the threat of violence against others

A

Crimes against the person

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33
Q

Crimes that involve theft of money or property belonging to others

A

Crimes against property

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34
Q

Concept used to refer to actions that have been made illegal but which do not directly violate or threaten the rights of any other individual

A

Victimless crimes

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35
Q

The structure in place to protect any person charged with a crime (right to counsel, speedy trial, etc.)

A

Due process

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36
Q

A legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendant’s guilty plea

A

Plea bargain

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37
Q

What are the 5 types of punishment?

A
  1. Retribution- criminal suffers as victim suffered
  2. Deterence- discourage criminal activity
  3. Rehabilitation- program to reform
  4. Societal protection- permanent imprisonment or execution
  5. Community based correction- programs operating within society at large
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38
Q

What is the phenomenon where people previously convicted of crimes commit later offenses?

A

Criminal recidivism

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39
Q

A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy

A

Stratification

40
Q

Explain the four principles of stratification

A

1) It is a trait of society, not a reflection of individual differences
2) Carries over from generation to generation
3) Universal but variable
4) Involves not just inequality but beliefs as well

41
Q

Social stratification based on ascription, or birth (statuses are inherited)

A

Caste System

42
Q

Social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement; believed to be open

A

Class System

43
Q

Social stratification based on personal abilities and achievements

A

Meritocracy

44
Q

The degree of uniformity in a person’s social standing across various dimensions of social inequality

A

Status consistency

45
Q

Cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements including patterns of inequality

A

Ideology

46
Q

What were Plato’s thoughts on stratification?

A

Every society considers some type of inequality fair

47
Q

Explain the David and Moore Ideology

A

-Social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society (has a function and is necessary)
-The greater the functional importance of a position, the more rewards a society attaches to it
-Every society must distribute members in social positions and induce them to perform the duties of those positions
-There must be some way of distributing rewards differentially according to positions

48
Q

Simplify the name of the system proposed by David and Moore Ideology

A

System of positions

49
Q

According to David and Moore Ideology, what are the best-rewarded positions?

A

1) Positions that have the greatest importance
2) Positions that require the greatest training and talent

50
Q

Societies must see that less essential positions do not compete successfully with more essential ones

A

Differential functional importance

51
Q

Explain Marx’s Ideology

A

-Culture and institutions combine to support a society’s elite
-Social stratification is rooted in people’s relationship to the means of production

52
Q

People who sell their labor for wages

A

Proletariat

53
Q

People who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits

A

Bourgeoisie

54
Q

The experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness (how the proletariats feel)

A

Alienation

55
Q

What kind of system did Marx envision overthrowing Capitalism?

A

Socialist System

56
Q

Why was there no worldwide Marxist revolution?

A

1) Fragmentation of the capitalist class
2) A higher standard of living
3) More worker organizations
4) Greater legal protections

57
Q

Explain Max Weber’s Ideology

A

-Classes are not well-defined categories but rather a continuum with three distinct dimensions (economic, status, and power) to create a composite ranking

58
Q

Buying and using products because of the statement they make about a social position

A

Conspicuous consumption

59
Q

Explain the Kuznet Curve

A

It is a formula showing that inequality increases during the early stages of capitalist development- then reaches a critical point and begins to decline

60
Q

Earnings from work and investments

A

Income

61
Q

What is the US median household income?

A

$78, 595

62
Q

The total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debt

A

Wealth

63
Q

The kind of work a person does, while giving respect to those who do what we consider to be more important works nd less to others with more modest jobs

A

Occupational prestige

64
Q

What are some social factors that affect stratification?

A

Education, ancestry, race, gender

65
Q

What distinguishes the upper/upper class from the rest of the upper class?

A

Birth right (blue bloods)

66
Q

Who is the most influential social class in the US?

A

Middle class (40-45%)

67
Q

What distinguishes the upper middle class from the rest of the middle class?

A

College and graduate school education

68
Q

What kind of jobs do average middle-class people have?

A

White collar jobs

69
Q

What does one’s class affect?

A

Health, values and attitudes, politics, and education

70
Q

Movement of individuals within society’s stratification system

A

Social mobility

71
Q

How does one achieve upward social mobility?

A

Marrying up, educating up, or occupation up

72
Q

How does one fall into downward social mobility?

A

Dropping out of high school, divorce, losing a job

73
Q

Upward or downward social mobility occurring during a person’s lifetime

A

Intragenerational social mobility

74
Q

Upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents

A

Intergenerational social mobility

75
Q

Changing jobs at the same class level

A

Horizontal social mobility

76
Q

A shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts

A

Structural social mobility

77
Q

The lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more

A

Relative poverty

78
Q

The lack of resources that is life threatening

A

Absolute poverty

79
Q

What percentage of the US population is impoverished?

A

11.6%

80
Q

What is the income poverty line as set by the US government for a household of 4?

A

$26,500

81
Q

The trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor

A

Feminization of poverty

82
Q

What are the ways to explain poverty

A
  • Blame the poor: unjustly believing that the cause of the problem resides in the individuals who experience the problem
  • Blame the society
83
Q

The idea that we need to be recruited into and taught criminal behavior by people in our social networks

A

Differential association theory

84
Q

The idea that deviance is more common in dysfunctional neighborhoods

A

Social disorganization theory

85
Q

The idea that deviance is facilitated by the development of culturally resonant rationales for rule breaking

A

Neutralization theory

86
Q

Widespread and enduring patterns of interaction with which we respond to categories of human need

A

Social institutions

87
Q

The entire set of interlocking social institutions in which we live

A

Social structure

88
Q

The features of our lives that determine our mix of opportunities and constraints

A

Structural position

89
Q

The resources we use to get things we want and need

A

Capital

90
Q

Financial resources that are or can be converted into money

A

Economic capital

91
Q

The minority of people who control a disproportionate amount of wealth

A

Economic elite

92
Q

A capitalist system with little or no government regulation

A

Free market capitalism

93
Q

A patchwork of programs intended to ensure that the most economically vulnerable do not go without basic necessities like food, clothing, and shelter

A

Social safety net

94
Q

A new class of workers who live economically precarious lives

A

Precariat

95
Q

An invisible barrier that restricts upward mobility

A

Glass ceiling

96
Q

An invisible barrier that restricts downward mobility

A

Glass floor

Principles of Sociology (4 decks)

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