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Principles of Sociology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The systematic study of human society, the ways in which people are affected by and affect social structures and processes associated with the world in which they exist

A

Sociology

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2
Q

What is sociology’s point of view?

A

General patterns of society in the lives of particular people

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3
Q

“Sociology was to be the scientific study of social facts, or those things that transcend or are bigger than ourselves”

A

Emile Durkheim

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4
Q

Any way of active, whether fixed or not, capable of exerting over the individual an external constraint, which is general over the whole of a given society

A

Social fact

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5
Q

The totality of beliefs and sentiments common to the average members of the same society

A

Collective conscious (Durkheim)

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6
Q

The person who asked the question, of how the average person understands their everyday life- sociological imagination

A

C Wright Mills

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7
Q

The vivid awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society

A

Sociological imagination (C Wright Mills)

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8
Q

Person who suggested that sociologists look for general social patterns in the behavior of particular individuals (social forces)

A

Peter Berger

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9
Q

While not erasing our uniqueness as individuals, what impinges on our lives in many unseen, yet significant ways

A

Social forces

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10
Q

The study of the larger world and our society’s place in it

A

Global perspective

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11
Q

Considered the father of sociology, believed that the scientific method could be applied to the study of human behavior and society, and could produce knowledge of society based on scientific evidence

A

Auguste Comte

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12
Q

Using science to predict and control human behavior; society operates according to certain laws

A

Social physics (Comte)

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13
Q

What are the three stages of sociology?

A

Theological (expressed by God’s will), Metaphysical (natural rather than supernatural phenomena), Scientific (knowledge is based on science)

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14
Q

A scientific approach based on positive facts as opposed to mere speculation

A

Positivism (Comte)

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15
Q

A set of interrelated ideas that have a wide range of applications, deal with centrally important issues, and have stood the test of time

A

Theory

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16
Q

Approach to the study of society that focuses on the relationships between social structures and institutions rather than between individuals themselves; the study of social systems

A

Macrosociology

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17
Q

Approach to the study of society that focuses on the nature of people’s interactions within particular groups; the study of social interactions

A

Microsociology

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18
Q

A framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose interrelated parts work together to promote solidarity and stability; addresses society as a whole in terms of the function of its norms

A

Structural-FUnctional perspective

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19
Q

A set of ideas about the proper response to an important societal problem; an accepted compilation of statuses, roles, values, and norms that respond to important societal needs

A

Social institution

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20
Q

Any relatively stable pattern of social behavior; patterns in how people behave in their relationships with one another

A

Social structure

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21
Q

The consequences of a social pattern for the operations of society as a whole

A

Social function

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22
Q

The recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern

A

Manifest function (Merton)

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23
Q

The unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern

A

Latent function (Merton)

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24
Q

Any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society

A

Social dysfunction

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25
Q

A framework for building theory that stresses the root of social problems lies in social inequalities; assumes that society is composed of a group of people who are in competition for scarce resources

A

Social conflict approach

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26
Q

Thesis vs anti-thesis = synthesis

A

Dialectic

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27
Q

Believed that the owners (Bourgeoisie) and working class (Proletariat) struggled from a division of labor that produced labor inequality

A

Karl Marx conflict approach

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28
Q

The study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men

A

Feminism

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29
Q

The study of society that focuses on inequality between people of different racial and ethnic categories

A

Racism

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30
Q

Founded the NAACP and Atlanta Sociological Laboratory; also produced the concepts of double consciousness and The Veil

A

WEB Dubois

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31
Q

Two levels of visions at all times- conscious of how they view themselves and conscious of how other people view them

A

Double consciousness

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32
Q

The literal darker skin of black Americans, the inability of white people to see black Americans as true Americans, and black people’s lack of clarity to see themselves outside of what white America prescribes them

A

The Veil

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33
Q

A framework for building theory that sees society as the product of everyday interactions of people; society is nothing more than the reality that people construct for themselves as they interact with one another

A

Symbolic Interaction approach

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34
Q

Developed the symbolic interaction approach of the dramaturgical self we have many roles and many stages (but must play the correct role on the correct stage)

A

Erving Goffman

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35
Q

Explain the 7 elements of the performance of the dramaturgical self

A

1) The actor must believe in the role their playing
2) The actor wears a mask in order to control the manner in which the audience perceives them
3) Dramatic realization is a portrayal of aspects of the performer that they want the audience to know
4) A performance presents an idealized view of the situation
5) Maintenance of expressive control- the need to stay in character
6) Misrepresentation- the danger of conveying the wrong message
7) Deception- concealment of certain information from the audience

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36
Q

Groups of individuals who cooperate with each other in order to share the same stage- must share information and have inside knowledge (not be fooled by other’s performances)

A

Teams

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37
Q

What are the 3 stages of the dramaturgical self?

A

1) Front stage- where the actor performs and adheres to conventions
2) Backstage- where performers are present but the audience is not (can step out of character)
3) Offstage- Outside, where actors meet the audience independently (can give specific performances

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38
Q

Prevent or restrict movement of individuals between various stages (must know when and how to move stages)

A

Borders

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39
Q

The function assumed or part played by a person or thing in a particular situation (can have many)

A

Role

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40
Q

What are the 3 ways to do sociology?

A

Positivist, Interpretive, Critical

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41
Q

The study of society based on scientific observation of social behavior

A

Positivist sociology

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42
Q

A logical systems that develops knowledge from direct, systematic observations

A

Science

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43
Q

Information that we can verify with our senses

A

Empirical evidence

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44
Q

Mental construct that represents some part of the world in a simplified form

A

Concept

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45
Q

A concept whose value changes from case to case

A

Variable

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46
Q

A variable that is thought to cause a change in another variable

A

Independent variable

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47
Q

A variable that is thought to be influenced by another variable

A

Dependent variable

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48
Q

A procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case

A

Measurement

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49
Q

Consistency in measurement

A

Reliability

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50
Q

Actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure

A

Validity

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51
Q

A relationship in which the value of two or more variables change together

A

Correlation

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52
Q

Personal neutrality

A

Objectivity

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53
Q

The study of the society that focuses on discovering the meanings people attach to their social world; social actions can be understood only by interpreting the motives and meaning that guide individual actions

A

Interpretive sociology

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54
Q

Research that relies on numerical or statistical data for calculating findings; measures behaviors with little or no concern for the meaning people attach to those behaviors

A

Quantitative data

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55
Q

Research that is typically used in cases where one is taking an interpretative approach; seeks to gain an understanding of things from the point of view of the people being studied

A

Qualitative data

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56
Q

A research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions

A

Experiment

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57
Q

A research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions on a questionnaire or in an interview

A

Survey method

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58
Q

A research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities

A

Participant observation

59
Q

The study of society that focuses on the need for social change

A

Critical sociology

60
Q

The ways of thinking, acting, and material objects that form a people’s way of life (also the languages and symbols they use to construct their understanding of the world)

A

Culture

61
Q

Intangible elements of culture- ideas

A

Nonmaterial culture

62
Q

Physical objects created by members of society that influence the ways in which people live

A

Material culture

63
Q

People who interact in a defined territory and share a culture

A

Society

64
Q

What is the difference between society and culture?

A

Culture is part of society

65
Q

Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life

A

Culture shock

66
Q

Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture

A

Symbols

67
Q

Any vehicle of meaning (marks on a paper, voice inflections)

A

Signifier

68
Q

The analysis of nonverbal cultural meanings

A

Semiotics

69
Q

A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another; the primary vehicle of meaning and communication in a society

A

Language

70
Q

The process by which one generation passes culture to the next

A

Cultural transmission

71
Q

Culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and serve as broad guidelines for social living

A

Values

72
Q

Specific ideas that people hold to be true; statements people make about values

A

Beliefs/Attitudes

73
Q

Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

A

Norms

74
Q

Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance; important norms whose violation is likely met with severe negative sanctions

A

Mores

75
Q

Norms for routine or casual interaction; relatively unimportant norms carrying very few if any sanctions

A

Folkways

76
Q

Society’s most important social norms; even the thought of violating a these is deeply repugnant

A

Taboo

77
Q

The knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings; the interplay of machines, tools, skills, and procedures for the accomplishment of tasks

A

Technology

78
Q

Consist of small numbers of people gaining their livelihood from hunting, fishing, and gathering of edible plants; rank is based on age and gender

A

Hunting and gathering

79
Q

Small rural communities without towns or cities (stronger inequalities than hunting/gathering)

A

Pastoral/Agrarian

80
Q

The use of hand tools to raise crops

A

Horticulture

81
Q

The domestication of animals

A

Pastoralism

82
Q

The production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery

A

Industrialization

83
Q

The production of information using computer technology

A

Post-industrialism

84
Q

Cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite

A

High culture

85
Q

Cultural patterns that are widespread among a population

A

Pop culture

86
Q

Cultural patterns that set apart some segment of society’s population; something most people are involved in at least one

A

Subculture

87
Q

Cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society

A

Counterculture

88
Q

A perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the US and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions

A

Multiculturalism

89
Q

The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture

A

Ethnocentrism

90
Q

The belief that other people and their ways of doing things can be understood only in terms of the cultural context of those other people (the opposite of ethnocentrism)

A

Cultural relativism

91
Q

The belief that other people of different cultures borrow elements of material or nonmaterial culture from one another

A

Cultural diffusion

92
Q

The dominance of European cultural patterns

A

Eurocentrism

93
Q

Emphasizing and promoting African cultural patterns

A

Afrocentrism

94
Q

The close relationships among various elements of a cultural system

A

Cultural integration

95
Q

The fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system

A

Cultural lag (Ogburn)

96
Q

A flow of goods, information, and people around the world

A

Global culture

97
Q

Traits that are part of every known culture

A

Cultural universals

98
Q

Occurs when different cultures come to seem alike as a result of a great deal of cultural diffusion

A

Cultural leveling

99
Q

The theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture

A

Sociobiology

100
Q

The transformation of culture and social institutions over time; can be intentional or unplanned

A

Social change

101
Q

What are the causes for social change?

A

1) Invention of new objects, ideas, or patterns
2) Disaster (an event that causes extensive harm)
3) Diffusion- spread of things/ideas from one culture to another
4) Discovery of new, existing elements of the world
5) Inequality and conflict
6) New ideas
7) Demographic issues

102
Q

Activity involving a large number of people that is unplanned, often controversial, and can bring about change

A

Collective behavior

103
Q

A temporary gathering of people who share common focus of attention and who influence one another

A

Crowd

104
Q

A highly emotional crowd that pursues violent or destructive goals

A

Mob

105
Q

A social eruption that is highly emotional, violent, and undirected

A

Riot

106
Q

Unconfirmed information that people spread informally, by word of mouth

A

Rumor

107
Q

Social patterns favored by a large number of people

A

Fashion

108
Q

An unconventional pattern that people embrace briefly but enthusiastically

A

Fad

109
Q

An organized activity in which people set out to encourage or discourage social change

A

Social movement

110
Q

Type of social movement to help people alter their lives; limited change in only part of the population

A

Alterative

111
Q

Type of social movement to help certain people redeem themselves/lives

A

Redemptive

112
Q

Type of social movement with limited change to target everyone

A

Reformative

113
Q

Type of social movement with the most extreme change of all; major transformation of an entire society

A

Revolutionary

114
Q

The process of trying to convince the public and public officials of the importance of joining a social movement to address a particular issue

A

Claims making

115
Q

The experience of being deprived of something to which one believes to be entitled; discontentment people feel when they compare their positions to others

A

Deprivation theory

116
Q

Social movements attract socially isolated people who join a movement in order to gain a sense of belonging, identity, and purpose

A

Mass society theory

117
Q

Links the success of any social movement to the resources that are available to it

A

Resource mobilization theory

118
Q

Social movements depend not only on money and other material resources but also cultural symbols

A

Culture theory

119
Q

Points out the distinctive character of recent social movements in postindustrial societies

A

New social movements theory

120
Q

A Marxist approach that claims that social movements arise in opposition to the capitalist economic system, which fails to meet the needs of the majority of the people

A

Political economy theory

121
Q

What are the stages in social movements?

A

1) Coalescence- when a social movement defines itself and develops a strategy for attracting new members
2) Bureucratization- a movement becomes established
3) Decline- Resources dry up, overwhelming opposition, or achieved goals causes a loss of interest and the movement becomes a part of the “system”

122
Q

The process of social change begun by industrialization

A

Modernization

123
Q

The skill of understanding others as the understand themselves

A

Sociological sympathy

124
Q

The set of moral principles that guide empirical inquiry

A

Research ethics

125
Q

The work of using sociological theory to make societies better

A

Public sociology

126
Q

Points of view grounded in lived reality

A

Standpoints

127
Q

The process by which we layer objects with ideas, fold concepts into one another, and build connections between them

A

Social construction

128
Q

An influential and shared interpretation of reality that will vary across time and space

A

Social construct

129
Q

The idea that we’re socialized into culturally specific moralities that guide our feelings about right and wrong

A

Culture-as-value thesis

130
Q

The idea that we’re socialized to know a set of culturally specific arguments with which we can justify why we feel something is right or wrong

A

Culture-as-rationale thesis

131
Q

The practice of noticing the differences between cultures without passing judgment

A

Cultural relativism

132
Q

A version of ourselves that we want to project in a specific setting

A

Face

133
Q

The power of noncooperation; controlled by the masses to halt production

A

Interdependent power

134
Q

Shared activities widely recognized as expressions of dissatisfaction with social conditions

A

Repertoire of contention

135
Q

A recognition of a shared grievance that can be addressed through collective action

A

Insurgent consciousness

136
Q

The authority to speak credibly on a particular topic

A

Standing

137
Q

A succinct claim as to the nature of a social fact; an assertion that an event or issue is a case of a particular thing and not a case of something else

A

Frame

138
Q

Frames meant to challenge an existing social movement’s frame

A

Counter-frames

139
Q

Battles over whether a social fact is a social problem and what kind of problem it is

A

Framing wars

140
Q

The strengths and weaknesses in the existing political system that shape the options available to social movement actors

A

Political opportunity structure

141
Q

Cultural ideas, objects, practices, or bodies that create or constrain activist strategies

A

Cultural opportunity structure

142
Q

A sudden and dramatic occurrence that motivates non-activists to become politically active

A

Critical event

143
Q

The role of money in enabling or limiting a movement’s operations and influence

A

Economic opportunity structure

144
Q

The alignment of the interests of activists and elites

A

Interest convergence

Principles of Sociology (4 decks)

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