Exam 2 Flashcards
The lifelong process by which people develop their human potential and learn
Socialization
Groups in which socialization takes place
Agents of socialization
Primary agents
Parents, family, and friends
Secondary agents
Educational system, media, and consumer culture
The process of newborns-young children acquiring language, identities, cultural routines, norms, and values as they interact with parents and family members
Primary socialization
The process of learning about role requirements of a particular status prior to actually acquiring that status
Anticipatory socialization
Ceremonies or rituals that mark important transitions from status to status within the life cycle
Rites of passage
A person’s fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling
Personality
Person who developed behaviorism- behavior is not instinctive but learned (nurture over nature)
John B. Watson
Person who suggested the 2 basic needs/instincts (life and death instinct)
Sigmund Freud
Our need for bonding; the tendency toward survival, propagation, sex, and other creative, life-producing drives
Life instinct (eros)
Our aggressive drive; self-destruction and the return to the inorganic state (death)
Death instinct (thanatos)
What are Freud’s 3 stages of growth?
Id, ego, superego
The human’s basic drives which are unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction
Id
A person’s conscious effort to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society
Ego
The cultural values and norms internalized by an individual that acts as our conscious (moral concepts of right and wrong)
Superego
Compromise of the competing demands of the id and superego (self and society); process of changing selfish drives into socially acceptable behavior
Sublimation
Person who developed the four stages of psychological development
Jean Piaget
What are Piaget’s stages of psychological development?
- Sensorimotor stage (individuals experience the world only through their senses- 0-2 years old)
- Preoperational stage (individuals first use language and other symbols- 2-6 years old)
- Concrete operational stage (individuals first see casual connections in their surroundings- 7-11 years old)
- Formal operational stage (individuals think abstractly- 11-15 years old)
What are Kohlbergs three stages of development?
- Preconventional- we gain moral reasoning through pain and pleasure, avoid punishment, obtain rewards (age 3-7)
- Conventional- Define right and wrong based on what the culture around them dictates, belong and be accepted, obey rules and regulations (age 8-13)
- Postconventional- people move beyond society’s norms to consider abstract ethical principles, make and keep promises, live moral imperatives (adulthood)
What was the idea behind Mead’s theory?
Social experience develops and individual’s personality
The part of an individual’s personality composed of self awareness and self image
Self
What are Mead’s 4 stages of self?
- The self develops only with social experience
- Social experience is the exchange of symbols
- Understanding intention requires imagining a situation from the other person’s point of view (use symbols to communicate)
- All symbolic interaction involves seeing ourselves as others see us (taking the role of the other- how we become self-aware)
What are Mead’s two parts of the self?
The I- How we see ourselves
The Me- How others see us (how we imagine they do)
What is Mead’s key to developing?
Taking the role of the other
How infants learn to see things from the perspective of others
Imitation
The simply imitative behaviors of small children; involves assuming the roles modeled by significant others
Play
Activities in behaviors are guided by rules and which each individual play has specific role to carry out
Games
People who have a special importance for socialization
Significant others
Widespread cultural norms and values we use as references in evaluating ourselves; attitude of the whole community
Generalized other
Person who developed the concept of the looking glass self
Charles Cooley
Self-image based on how we think others see us; the process by which individuals acquire and maintain their social selves through reflective interaction with others
Looking glass self
What are the 3 outcomes of the looking glass self?
- People imagine their appearance in the eyes of others
- People sense a judgment or evaluation by others
- People have feelings about themselves given others evaluation
The study of aging and the elderly
Gerontology
Discrimination against the elderly
Ageism
Form of social organization in which the elderly have most wealth, power, and prestige
Gerontocracy
A setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and controlled by an administrative staff
Total institutions (Goffman)
What are three aspects of the total institution?
- Staff members supervise all aspects of daily life
- Life in the TI is controlled and standardized
- Formal rules dictate when, where, and how inmates perform daily routines
Radically changing an inmate’s personality by carefully controlling the environment
Resocialization
The initial phase of resocialization in which those things that indicate individual differences are stripped away
Depersonalization
A social position that a person holds
Status
A social position that a person receives at birth or take on involuntarily late in life; beyond the individuals control
Ascribed status
A social position that a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort; acquired on the basis of accomplishment
Achieved status
Occurs when an individual’s ascribed and achieved status are deemed to be inconsistent
Status inconsistency
A status that has special importance for social identity; deemed most telling about an individual- acts as a filter through which a person’s actions are judged
Master status
One’s position or location in a group or social structure
Social status
Visible cues to an individual’s status
Status symbols
Behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status; bundles of socially defined attributes and expectations associated with social statuses
Role
A number of roles attached to a single status
Role set
Conflict among roles connected to two or more statuses; conflicting expectations associated with a given position
Role conflict
Tension among the roles connected to a single status
Role strain
People are confronted with more expectations than they can possibly handle
Role overload
The process by which people disengage from important social roles
Role exit
The process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction; continuous process of individual creation of structural realities and the constraint and coercion exercised by those structures
Social construction of reality
Situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences; interpretation of a situation causes the action
Thomas theorem
When the very prediction of an event causes that event to happen
Self-fulfilling prophecy
The study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings; sociological analysis that examines how individuals use everyday conversation and gestures to construct a common sense view of the world (rests on assumptions)
Ethnomethodology
The study of social interaction in terms of a theatrical performance
Dramaturgical Analysis (Goffman)
A person’s efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others
The presentation of self/impression management
Communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech
Nonverbal communication
The way we act and carry ourselves
Demeanor
The surrounding area over which a person makes some claim to privacy
Personal space
Social constructions that is conditioned by socialization by a culture, and emerge from situations that are intimately social with individuals learning the appropriate ways to respond
Emotions
What are the 4 basic emotions?
Happiness, fear, anger, sadness
Two or more people who identify which and interact with one another
Social group
A small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships (small and close knit)
Primary group
A large and impersonal group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity (ties are relatively weak)
Secondary group
Not diverse (primary group)
Homogenous
Norm that requires an individual to marry someone from outside of their own social class/group
Exogamy
Norm that requires an individual to marry someone from outside of their own social class/group
Exogamy
Group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks
Instrumental leadership
Group leadership that focuses on the groups well-being
Expressive leadership
A leader dictates policies and procedures, decides what goals are to be achieved, and directs and controls all meaningful participation by the subordinates
Authoritarian leadership
Members of the group take a more participative role in the decision-making progress
Democratic leadership
Leaders are hands-off and allow group members to make the decision
Laissez-Faire leadership
Conformity involves changing your behaviors in order to fit in or go along with the people around you
Group conformity
Person who came up with the idea of groupthink
Irving Janis
The tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue
Groupthink
What are some actions of groupthink?
- Members of a group ignore information that goes against group consensus
- Embarrasses potential dissenters into conforming
- Rule out alternative possibilities without seriously considering- quick consensus
A social group to which a person belongs, or does not belong but relates to (helps make decisions and evaluations)
Reference group
A social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty, in which they belong and they identify with
In-group
A social group which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition
Out-group
A social group with two members
Dyad
A social group with three members
Triad
The group in society with the most institutionalized power
Dominant group
A web a weak social ties; lacks a sense of boundaries and belonging
Network
Large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals effectively; impersonal and have a formally planned atmosphere; to achieve some specific goal
Formal organizations
What are the 3 types of formal organizations?
Utilitarian- People are paid for their efforts (by choice)
Normative- People pursue a moral goal
Coercive- Involuntary, often as a form of punishment or treatment
Person who suggested that groups can form under three types of authority?
Max Weber
What is power according to Weber?
The probability that one actor within a social relationship will be in a position to carry out his own will despite resistance
What are Weber’s three types of leadership?
Traditional, Rational-Legal, and Charismatic
Leadership with values and beliefs passed from one generation to the next; limited ability to change
Traditional group
Leadership that functions by means of obedience to the rules rather than a person; emphasizes efficiency, knowledge, and experience
Rational-legal
An organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently
Bureaucracy
What are the six elements of the ideal bureaucratic organization?
- Specialization
- Hierarchy of offices
- Rules and regulations
- Technical competence
- Impersonality
- Formal, written communication
A situation in which people in organizations become so wrapped up in following rules and procedures that they forget why they work so hard
Iron cage of bureaucracy
Person who came up with the idea of the iron cage of bureaucracy
Max Weber
Facts that go against or undermine one’s beliefs
Inconvenient fact
Leadership in which domination rests on the character of the leader
Charismatic authority
How does a charismatic leader lead?
Through inspiration, coercion, communication, and leadership
Factors outside an organization that affect its operation
Organizational environment
What are some problems with bureaucracies?
Alienation (reducing humans to a cog in the mechanism), Ritualism (follow rules that undermine goals), and Inertia (continuous perpetuation)
The rule of many by the few
Oligarchy
Who wrote the Iron Law of Oligarchy
Robert Michel
The application of scientific principles to the operation of a business
Scientific management
What is the 4 aspects of McDonaldization?
efficiency, predictability, uniformity, and control
Who developed the idea of McDonaldization?
Ritzer
A story we tell about the origin and likely future of ourselves
Self-narrative
Active efforts by others to help us become culturally competent members of our cultures
Interpersonal socialization
Active efforts we make to ensure we’re culturally competent members of our cultures
Self-socialization
Our tendency to connect with others who are similar to us
Homophily
The process of learning how to be culturally competent through our exposure to media
Media socialization
Physically present and detectable in the body itself
Embodied
Purposefully breaking a social rule to test how others respond
Breaching
