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Principles of Sociology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The lifelong process by which people develop their human potential and learn

A

Socialization

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2
Q

Groups in which socialization takes place

A

Agents of socialization

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3
Q

Primary agents

A

Parents, family, and friends

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4
Q

Secondary agents

A

Educational system, media, and consumer culture

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5
Q

The process of newborns-young children acquiring language, identities, cultural routines, norms, and values as they interact with parents and family members

A

Primary socialization

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6
Q

The process of learning about role requirements of a particular status prior to actually acquiring that status

A

Anticipatory socialization

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7
Q

Ceremonies or rituals that mark important transitions from status to status within the life cycle

A

Rites of passage

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8
Q

A person’s fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling

A

Personality

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9
Q

Person who developed behaviorism- behavior is not instinctive but learned (nurture over nature)

A

John B. Watson

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10
Q

Person who suggested the 2 basic needs/instincts (life and death instinct)

A

Sigmund Freud

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11
Q

Our need for bonding; the tendency toward survival, propagation, sex, and other creative, life-producing drives

A

Life instinct (eros)

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12
Q

Our aggressive drive; self-destruction and the return to the inorganic state (death)

A

Death instinct (thanatos)

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13
Q

What are Freud’s 3 stages of growth?

A

Id, ego, superego

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14
Q

The human’s basic drives which are unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction

A

Id

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15
Q

A person’s conscious effort to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society

A

Ego

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16
Q

The cultural values and norms internalized by an individual that acts as our conscious (moral concepts of right and wrong)

A

Superego

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17
Q

Compromise of the competing demands of the id and superego (self and society); process of changing selfish drives into socially acceptable behavior

A

Sublimation

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18
Q

Person who developed the four stages of psychological development

A

Jean Piaget

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19
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of psychological development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor stage (individuals experience the world only through their senses- 0-2 years old)
  2. Preoperational stage (individuals first use language and other symbols- 2-6 years old)
  3. Concrete operational stage (individuals first see casual connections in their surroundings- 7-11 years old)
  4. Formal operational stage (individuals think abstractly- 11-15 years old)
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20
Q

What are Kohlbergs three stages of development?

A
  1. Preconventional- we gain moral reasoning through pain and pleasure, avoid punishment, obtain rewards (age 3-7)
  2. Conventional- Define right and wrong based on what the culture around them dictates, belong and be accepted, obey rules and regulations (age 8-13)
  3. Postconventional- people move beyond society’s norms to consider abstract ethical principles, make and keep promises, live moral imperatives (adulthood)
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21
Q

What was the idea behind Mead’s theory?

A

Social experience develops and individual’s personality

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22
Q

The part of an individual’s personality composed of self awareness and self image

A

Self

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23
Q

What are Mead’s 4 stages of self?

A
  1. The self develops only with social experience
  2. Social experience is the exchange of symbols
  3. Understanding intention requires imagining a situation from the other person’s point of view (use symbols to communicate)
  4. All symbolic interaction involves seeing ourselves as others see us (taking the role of the other- how we become self-aware)
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24
Q

What are Mead’s two parts of the self?

A

The I- How we see ourselves
The Me- How others see us (how we imagine they do)

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25
Q

What is Mead’s key to developing?

A

Taking the role of the other

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26
Q

How infants learn to see things from the perspective of others

A

Imitation

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27
Q

The simply imitative behaviors of small children; involves assuming the roles modeled by significant others

A

Play

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28
Q

Activities in behaviors are guided by rules and which each individual play has specific role to carry out

A

Games

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29
Q

People who have a special importance for socialization

A

Significant others

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30
Q

Widespread cultural norms and values we use as references in evaluating ourselves; attitude of the whole community

A

Generalized other

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31
Q

Person who developed the concept of the looking glass self

A

Charles Cooley

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32
Q

Self-image based on how we think others see us; the process by which individuals acquire and maintain their social selves through reflective interaction with others

A

Looking glass self

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33
Q

What are the 3 outcomes of the looking glass self?

A
  1. People imagine their appearance in the eyes of others
  2. People sense a judgment or evaluation by others
  3. People have feelings about themselves given others evaluation
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34
Q

The study of aging and the elderly

A

Gerontology

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35
Q

Discrimination against the elderly

A

Ageism

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36
Q

Form of social organization in which the elderly have most wealth, power, and prestige

A

Gerontocracy

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37
Q

A setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and controlled by an administrative staff

A

Total institutions (Goffman)

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38
Q

What are three aspects of the total institution?

A
  1. Staff members supervise all aspects of daily life
  2. Life in the TI is controlled and standardized
  3. Formal rules dictate when, where, and how inmates perform daily routines
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39
Q

Radically changing an inmate’s personality by carefully controlling the environment

A

Resocialization

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40
Q

The initial phase of resocialization in which those things that indicate individual differences are stripped away

A

Depersonalization

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41
Q

A social position that a person holds

A

Status

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42
Q

A social position that a person receives at birth or take on involuntarily late in life; beyond the individuals control

A

Ascribed status

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43
Q

A social position that a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort; acquired on the basis of accomplishment

A

Achieved status

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44
Q

Occurs when an individual’s ascribed and achieved status are deemed to be inconsistent

A

Status inconsistency

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45
Q

A status that has special importance for social identity; deemed most telling about an individual- acts as a filter through which a person’s actions are judged

A

Master status

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46
Q

One’s position or location in a group or social structure

A

Social status

47
Q

Visible cues to an individual’s status

A

Status symbols

48
Q

Behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status; bundles of socially defined attributes and expectations associated with social statuses

A

Role

49
Q

A number of roles attached to a single status

A

Role set

50
Q

Conflict among roles connected to two or more statuses; conflicting expectations associated with a given position

A

Role conflict

51
Q

Tension among the roles connected to a single status

A

Role strain

52
Q

People are confronted with more expectations than they can possibly handle

A

Role overload

53
Q

The process by which people disengage from important social roles

A

Role exit

54
Q

The process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction; continuous process of individual creation of structural realities and the constraint and coercion exercised by those structures

A

Social construction of reality

55
Q

Situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences; interpretation of a situation causes the action

A

Thomas theorem

56
Q

When the very prediction of an event causes that event to happen

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy

57
Q

The study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings; sociological analysis that examines how individuals use everyday conversation and gestures to construct a common sense view of the world (rests on assumptions)

A

Ethnomethodology

58
Q

The study of social interaction in terms of a theatrical performance

A

Dramaturgical Analysis (Goffman)

59
Q

A person’s efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others

A

The presentation of self/impression management

60
Q

Communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech

A

Nonverbal communication

61
Q

The way we act and carry ourselves

A

Demeanor

62
Q

The surrounding area over which a person makes some claim to privacy

A

Personal space

63
Q

Social constructions that is conditioned by socialization by a culture, and emerge from situations that are intimately social with individuals learning the appropriate ways to respond

A

Emotions

64
Q

What are the 4 basic emotions?

A

Happiness, fear, anger, sadness

65
Q

Two or more people who identify which and interact with one another

A

Social group

66
Q

A small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships (small and close knit)

A

Primary group

67
Q

A large and impersonal group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity (ties are relatively weak)

A

Secondary group

68
Q

Not diverse (primary group)

A

Homogenous

69
Q

Norm that requires an individual to marry someone from outside of their own social class/group

A

Exogamy

70
Q

Norm that requires an individual to marry someone from outside of their own social class/group

A

Exogamy

71
Q

Group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks

A

Instrumental leadership

72
Q

Group leadership that focuses on the groups well-being

A

Expressive leadership

73
Q

A leader dictates policies and procedures, decides what goals are to be achieved, and directs and controls all meaningful participation by the subordinates

A

Authoritarian leadership

74
Q

Members of the group take a more participative role in the decision-making progress

A

Democratic leadership

75
Q

Leaders are hands-off and allow group members to make the decision

A

Laissez-Faire leadership

76
Q

Conformity involves changing your behaviors in order to fit in or go along with the people around you

A

Group conformity

77
Q

Person who came up with the idea of groupthink

A

Irving Janis

78
Q

The tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue

A

Groupthink

79
Q

What are some actions of groupthink?

A
  • Members of a group ignore information that goes against group consensus
  • Embarrasses potential dissenters into conforming
  • Rule out alternative possibilities without seriously considering- quick consensus
80
Q

A social group to which a person belongs, or does not belong but relates to (helps make decisions and evaluations)

A

Reference group

81
Q

A social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty, in which they belong and they identify with

A

In-group

82
Q

A social group which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition

A

Out-group

83
Q

A social group with two members

A

Dyad

84
Q

A social group with three members

A

Triad

85
Q

The group in society with the most institutionalized power

A

Dominant group

86
Q

A web a weak social ties; lacks a sense of boundaries and belonging

A

Network

87
Q

Large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals effectively; impersonal and have a formally planned atmosphere; to achieve some specific goal

A

Formal organizations

88
Q

What are the 3 types of formal organizations?

A

Utilitarian- People are paid for their efforts (by choice)
Normative- People pursue a moral goal
Coercive- Involuntary, often as a form of punishment or treatment

89
Q

Person who suggested that groups can form under three types of authority?

A

Max Weber

90
Q

What is power according to Weber?

A

The probability that one actor within a social relationship will be in a position to carry out his own will despite resistance

91
Q

What are Weber’s three types of leadership?

A

Traditional, Rational-Legal, and Charismatic

92
Q

Leadership with values and beliefs passed from one generation to the next; limited ability to change

A

Traditional group

93
Q

Leadership that functions by means of obedience to the rules rather than a person; emphasizes efficiency, knowledge, and experience

A

Rational-legal

94
Q

An organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently

A

Bureaucracy

95
Q

What are the six elements of the ideal bureaucratic organization?

A
  1. Specialization
  2. Hierarchy of offices
  3. Rules and regulations
  4. Technical competence
  5. Impersonality
  6. Formal, written communication
96
Q

A situation in which people in organizations become so wrapped up in following rules and procedures that they forget why they work so hard

A

Iron cage of bureaucracy

97
Q

Person who came up with the idea of the iron cage of bureaucracy

A

Max Weber

98
Q

Facts that go against or undermine one’s beliefs

A

Inconvenient fact

99
Q

Leadership in which domination rests on the character of the leader

A

Charismatic authority

100
Q

How does a charismatic leader lead?

A

Through inspiration, coercion, communication, and leadership

101
Q

Factors outside an organization that affect its operation

A

Organizational environment

102
Q

What are some problems with bureaucracies?

A

Alienation (reducing humans to a cog in the mechanism), Ritualism (follow rules that undermine goals), and Inertia (continuous perpetuation)

103
Q

The rule of many by the few

A

Oligarchy

104
Q

Who wrote the Iron Law of Oligarchy

A

Robert Michel

105
Q

The application of scientific principles to the operation of a business

A

Scientific management

106
Q

What is the 4 aspects of McDonaldization?

A

efficiency, predictability, uniformity, and control

107
Q

Who developed the idea of McDonaldization?

A

Ritzer

108
Q

A story we tell about the origin and likely future of ourselves

A

Self-narrative

109
Q

Active efforts by others to help us become culturally competent members of our cultures

A

Interpersonal socialization

110
Q

Active efforts we make to ensure we’re culturally competent members of our cultures

A

Self-socialization

111
Q

Our tendency to connect with others who are similar to us

A

Homophily

112
Q

The process of learning how to be culturally competent through our exposure to media

A

Media socialization

113
Q

Physically present and detectable in the body itself

A

Embodied

114
Q

Purposefully breaking a social rule to test how others respond

A

Breaching

Principles of Sociology (4 decks)

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