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Biology 1020- Diversity of Life > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

The Endocrine System is the:

A

chemical control of the body

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2
Q

Hormones

A

A chemical that’s secreted in one part of the body and has their action in another part of the body

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3
Q

Where does the specificity of the endocrine system lay?

A

The end product

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4
Q

Receptor locations:

A

Cell membranes, cytoplasm, strictly in nucleus

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5
Q

The seven major systems that compose the mammalian endocrine system:

A

Pituitary complex, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, gonads

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6
Q

Pituitary Complex

A

Produces about 14 different hormones

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7
Q

Thyroid/Parathyroid

A

Metabolism and calcium deposition

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8
Q

Pancreas

A

Works with digestion

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9
Q

Adrenal cortex/adrenal medulla

A

Control adrenal glands

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10
Q

Gland systems:

A

Endocrine and exocrine

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11
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Secrete directly into the bloodstream or the body

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12
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Secrete outside of the body or into the digestive tract

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13
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

The majority of hormones produced by the endocrine system

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14
Q

Steroid Hormone

A

Hormone-receptor complex binds to the DNA and activates the transcription of certain genes; acts as a promoter region

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15
Q

All circulatory systems have three major components:

A

A medium for transport, a system of channels and vessels, and a pump to circulate the blood

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16
Q

Two types of circulatory systems:

A

Open circulatory system, closed circulatory system

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17
Q

Open Circulatory System

A

Has an open space in the body called a hemocoel, where deoxygenated blood dumps in and oxygenated blood is taken out

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18
Q

Closed Circulatory System

A

The blood is confined to the heart and a continuous system of vessels

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19
Q

Functions of the Circulatory System:

A

Transport oxygen, distribute nutrients, transport waste, distribute hormones, regulate body temperature, and defend the body from blood loss

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20
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

Consists of the right atrium and the right ventricle; collects the oxygen-depleted blood and sends it to the lungs

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21
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

Consists of the left atrium and the left ventricle; receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it to the body

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22
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

The alternation between contractions and relaxation; atria contract first, then ventricles

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23
Q

Systole

A

Ventricular contraction; top number in a BP reading

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24
Q

Diastole

A

Rest and atrial contraction; bottom number in a BP reading

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25
Q

The specific order of the blood vessels:

A

Heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

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26
Q

Oxygenated

A

Arteries and arterioles

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27
Q

Deoxygenated

A

Veins and venules

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28
Q

Where does gas exchange in the blood occur?

A

Capillaries

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29
Q

Plasma

A

The fluid in which blood cells are suspended

30
Q

Plasma proteins:

A

Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

31
Q

Albumins

A

Help maintain osmotic pressure

32
Q

Globulins

A

Transport nutrients; immunity

33
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Bloodclotting

34
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Oxygen-carrying red blood cells

35
Q

Hemoglobin level of protein:

A

Quaternary

36
Q

Where is the site of RBC production?

A

Bone marrow

37
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Stimulates RBC production

38
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells; main function is immunity

39
Q

Platelets

A

Fragments of cells; major role in bloodclotting

40
Q

Uniform features of the respiratory system:

A
  1. The respiratory system must have a surface area large enough, in contact with the environment for gas exchange, to support the body’s demands
  2. The respiratory exchange surface must remain moist
41
Q

Bulk Flow

A

Molecules of fluid or gases move in unison through large spaces; high pressure to low pressure

42
Q

Diffusion

A

The net movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

43
Q

General stages of gas exchange:

A

Alternates between bulk flow, diffusion

44
Q

Two main parts of the human respiratory system:

A

Conducting portion, gas exchange portion

45
Q

Conducting Portion

A

Air enters and passes through the pharynx and into the lungs:
sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

46
Q

Vocal Cords

A

Muscular strands move out into the opening forcing the air to move over them; they vibrate as air passes over them, causing sound

47
Q

What is the site of the gas exchange in the human respiratory system?

A

Alveoli

48
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Iron-containing quaternary protein

49
Q

Deoxygenated Blood

A

Dark red in color; veins

50
Q

Oxygenated Blood

A

Bright, cherry red color; arteries

51
Q

Stages of breathing:

A

Inspiration, expiration

52
Q

Inspiration

A

Inhaling; the diaphragm will contract and make the chest cavity bigger; the pressure inside is now lower than the outside

53
Q

Expiration

A

exhaling; the diaphragm relaxes, making the chest cavity smaller; higher pressure inside forces the air out

54
Q

Respiratory Center

A

Creates cyclical bursts of impulses that cause the muscle contractions and relaxation; in the brain above the spinal cords

55
Q

The respiratory center receives input in three ways:

A

Overstretching, CO2 levels, exercise

56
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining internal conditions in response to external stimuli

57
Q

The two major functions of excretory systems:

A
  1. The excretion of cellular waste such as urea
  2. The regulation and maintenance of bodily fluids
58
Q

Nephrons three basic parts:

A

Glomerulus, Bowman’s Capsule, tubule

59
Q

Glomerulus

A

The pressure filter itself

60
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A

Surrounds the glomerulus and collects the material forced out of the blood in the glomerulus

61
Q

Tubule

A

The long twisted tube surrounded by a spiderweb of capillaries

62
Q

Three parts of the tubule:

A

Proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule

63
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

A physical difference in the number of molecules per unit volume between two regions of space so that molecules tend to move from one to the other

64
Q

Isotonic

A

Having equal strength

65
Q

Hypertonic

A

Having a high concentration of dissolved solutes and a low concentration of free water

66
Q

Hypotonic

A

Having a low concentration of dissolved solutes and a high concentration of free water

67
Q

Two steps of urine formation:

A

Tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

68
Q

Tubular Reabsorption

A

Water and nutrients can reenter the blood; amino acids and other large nutrients move into the blood via active transport, urine and waste remain in tubule

69
Q

Tubular Secretion

A

Any waste remaining in the blood is actively secreted into the tubule by the tubule cells

70
Q

Antidieuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Regulates the permeability of the tubular membrane

Biology 1020- Diversity of Life (4 decks)

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