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Biology 1020- Diversity of Life > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The Endocrine System is the:

A

chemical control of the body

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2
Q

Hormones

A

A chemical that’s secreted in one part of the body and has their action in another part of the body

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3
Q

Where does the specificity of the endocrine system lay?

A

The end product

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4
Q

Receptor locations:

A

Cell membranes, cytoplasm, strictly in nucleus

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5
Q

The seven major systems that compose the mammalian endocrine system:

A

Pituitary complex, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, gonads

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6
Q

Pituitary Complex

A

Produces about 14 different hormones

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7
Q

Thyroid/Parathyroid

A

Metabolism and calcium deposition

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8
Q

Pancreas

A

Works with digestion

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9
Q

Adrenal cortex/adrenal medulla

A

Control adrenal glands

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10
Q

Gland systems:

A

Endocrine and exocrine

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11
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Secrete directly into the bloodstream or the body

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12
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Secrete outside of the body or into the digestive tract

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13
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

The majority of hormones produced by the endocrine system

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14
Q

Steroid Hormone

A

Hormone-receptor complex binds to the DNA and activates the transcription of certain genes; acts as a promoter region

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15
Q

All circulatory systems have three major components:

A

A medium for transport, a system of channels and vessels, and a pump to circulate the blood

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16
Q

Two types of circulatory systems:

A

Open circulatory system, closed circulatory system

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17
Q

Open Circulatory System

A

Has an open space in the body called a hemocoel, where deoxygenated blood dumps in and oxygenated blood is taken out

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18
Q

Closed Circulatory System

A

The blood is confined to the heart and a continuous system of vessels

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19
Q

Functions of the Circulatory System:

A

Transport oxygen, distribute nutrients, transport waste, distribute hormones, regulate body temperature, and defend the body from blood loss

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20
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

Consists of the right atrium and the right ventricle; collects the oxygen-depleted blood and sends it to the lungs

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21
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

Consists of the left atrium and the left ventricle; receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it to the body

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22
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

The alternation between contractions and relaxation; atria contract first, then ventricles

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23
Q

Systole

A

Ventricular contraction; top number in a BP reading

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24
Q

Diastole

A

Rest and atrial contraction; bottom number in a BP reading

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25
The specific order of the blood vessels:
Heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
26
Oxygenated
Arteries and arterioles
27
Deoxygenated
Veins and venules
28
Where does gas exchange in the blood occur?
Capillaries
29
Plasma
The fluid in which blood cells are suspended
30
Plasma proteins:
Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
31
Albumins
Help maintain osmotic pressure
32
Globulins
Transport nutrients; immunity
33
Fibrinogen
Bloodclotting
34
Erythrocytes
Oxygen-carrying red blood cells
35
Hemoglobin level of protein:
Quaternary
36
Where is the site of RBC production?
Bone marrow
37
Erythropoietin
Stimulates RBC production
38
Leukocytes
White blood cells; main function is immunity
39
Platelets
Fragments of cells; major role in bloodclotting
40
Uniform features of the respiratory system:
1. The respiratory system must have a surface area large enough, in contact with the environment for gas exchange, to support the body's demands 2. The respiratory exchange surface must remain moist
41
Bulk Flow
Molecules of fluid or gases move in unison through large spaces; high pressure to low pressure
42
Diffusion
The net movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
43
General stages of gas exchange:
Alternates between bulk flow, diffusion
44
Two main parts of the human respiratory system:
Conducting portion, gas exchange portion
45
Conducting Portion
Air enters and passes through the pharynx and into the lungs: sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
46
Vocal Cords
Muscular strands move out into the opening forcing the air to move over them; they vibrate as air passes over them, causing sound
47
What is the site of the gas exchange in the human respiratory system?
Alveoli
48
Hemoglobin
Iron-containing quaternary protein
49
Deoxygenated Blood
Dark red in color; veins
50
Oxygenated Blood
Bright, cherry red color; arteries
51
Stages of breathing:
Inspiration, expiration
52
Inspiration
Inhaling; the diaphragm will contract and make the chest cavity bigger; the pressure inside is now lower than the outside
53
Expiration
exhaling; the diaphragm relaxes, making the chest cavity smaller; higher pressure inside forces the air out
54
Respiratory Center
Creates cyclical bursts of impulses that cause the muscle contractions and relaxation; in the brain above the spinal cords
55
The respiratory center receives input in three ways:
Overstretching, CO2 levels, exercise
56
Homeostasis
Maintaining internal conditions in response to external stimuli
57
The two major functions of excretory systems:
1. The excretion of cellular waste such as urea 2. The regulation and maintenance of bodily fluids
58
Nephrons three basic parts:
Glomerulus, Bowman's Capsule, tubule
59
Glomerulus
The pressure filter itself
60
Bowman's Capsule
Surrounds the glomerulus and collects the material forced out of the blood in the glomerulus
61
Tubule
The long twisted tube surrounded by a spiderweb of capillaries
62
Three parts of the tubule:
Proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule
63
Concentration Gradient
A physical difference in the number of molecules per unit volume between two regions of space so that molecules tend to move from one to the other
64
Isotonic
Having equal strength
65
Hypertonic
Having a high concentration of dissolved solutes and a low concentration of free water
66
Hypotonic
Having a low concentration of dissolved solutes and a high concentration of free water
67
Two steps of urine formation:
Tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
68
Tubular Reabsorption
Water and nutrients can reenter the blood; amino acids and other large nutrients move into the blood via active transport, urine and waste remain in tubule
69
Tubular Secretion
Any waste remaining in the blood is actively secreted into the tubule by the tubule cells
70
Antidieuretic Hormone (ADH)
Regulates the permeability of the tubular membrane

Biology 1020- Diversity of Life (4 decks)

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