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Biology 1020- Diversity of Life > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ecosystem

A

A complex interrelated network of living organisms and their surroundings

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2
Q

Community

A

The living things within the ecosystem

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3
Q

Population

A

Members of a particular species within the ecosystem

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4
Q

Species

A

Members of a population that interbreed under natural conditions

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5
Q

Ecology

A

The science that deals with the interrelationships among living things and their environment

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6
Q

Biotic

A

The living portion of the environment

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7
Q

Abiotic

A

The nonliving portion of the environment

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8
Q

When are populations stable?

A

Births-deaths = immigration-emigration

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9
Q

Biotic Potential

A

The maximum rate a population can increase, assuming ideal conditions

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10
Q

Environmental Resistance

A

Factors that tend to limit population growth

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11
Q

Rate of Growth

A

rate= births - deaths

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12
Q

Growth Over Time

A

(r(N))

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13
Q

Exponential Growth

A

Growth by a fix percent of the population size at the beginning of the period

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14
Q

Biotic Potential

A

The maximum growth of a population assuming ideal conditions

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15
Q

Influences on biotic potential:

A

Age at which organisms first reproduce, frequency of reproduction, average number of offspring, length of reproductive lifespan, and death rate at ideal conditions

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16
Q

Boom and Bust Cycles

A

Rapid growth in the population followed by a dramatic crash

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17
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The maximum size the environment can sustain on a regular basis

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18
Q

Density-Independent Limits

A

Limit size and growth of populations regardless of the size of the population; most important: weather, human interactions

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19
Q

Density-Dependent Limits

A

Impact varies with the size of the population; most important: predation, parasitism, competition

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20
Q

Predators

A

Organisms that kill and eat other organisms

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21
Q

Interspecific Competition

A

Between members of different species

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22
Q

Intraspecific Competition

A

Between members of the same species

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23
Q

The multiple forms of competition:

A

scramble, contest, dominant inheritance

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24
Q

Scramble Competition

A

Free for all; the best wins out

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25
Q

Contest Competition

A

Many animals and some plants; territory

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26
Q

Dominant Inheritance

A

Develops pecking orders where the dominant gets the first rewards

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27
Q

Aggregated Distribution

A

(Clumped) When population members live in groups

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28
Q

Uniform Distribution

A

When organisms maintain relative constant distance between individuals

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29
Q

Random Distribution

A

This is the least common; no groups, no vertebrates

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30
Q

Three population types:

A

convex, constant, concave

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31
Q

Convex Curve

A

Low infant mortality where most get to old age

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32
Q

Constant Curve

A

Offspring have an equal chance at any time

33
Q

Concave Curve

A

Large numbers of offspring are left on their own; high infant mortality

34
Q

Different types of community interaction:

A

Competition, predation, symbiosis

35
Q

Succession

A

As things evolve, one community will give rise to or give way to another until a balanced self-sustaining one is reached

36
Q

Niche

A

Where the organism lives as well as other aspects of its life, including the physical environmental factors needed for survival

37
Q

Competitive Exclusion Principle

A

No two species can inhabit the same ecological niche

38
Q

Symbiosis

A

The extended interaction between organisms of different species

39
Q

Parasitism

A

When one organism benefits and the other is harmed

40
Q

Commensalism

A

When one organism benefits and the other is not affected at all

41
Q

Mutualism

A

When both organisms benefit from the interaction

42
Q

Altruism

A

When one organism endangers itself or potentially limits its reproductive success to help members of the same species

43
Q

Kin Selection

A

When the organism benefitting is from the same family

44
Q

General trends in succession:

A

Soil depth and OM increase, overall productivity increases, number of different species increases, interactions within the community increases, population change begins to slow down, climax community

45
Q

Two types of Succession:

A

Primary, secondary

46
Q

Primary Succession

A

Begins on bare rock; pioneers begin the process and start the OM buildup

47
Q

Secondary Succession

A

New ecosystems are established after the existing one is destroyed

48
Q

Biome

A

An ecosystem covering an extensive area

49
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy is neither created or destroyed but it does change one form to another

50
Q

Autotrophs

A

Photosynthetic organisms- producers

51
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Consumers

52
Q

Net Primary Productivity

A

The energy the photosynthetic organisms make available to the community

53
Q

Trophic Levels

A

1- Producers; 2- Primary consumers (herbivores); 3- Secondary consumers (carnivores); 4- Tertiary consumers (omnivores)

54
Q

Biomagnification

A

When levels of toxins in animals’ bodies increase with each trophic level

55
Q

The Carbon and Nitrogenic Cycle are:

A

Atmospheric

56
Q

The Water Cycle is:

A

Hydrologic

57
Q

The Phosphorous Cycle is:

A

Sedimentary

58
Q

Acid Rain

A

Overloading of the N and S cycles; sulfur dioxide mixes with water and forms sulfuric acid in the atmosphere

59
Q

Conservation Biology

A

An interdisciplinary science with the explicit goal of protecting biodiversity and the Earth’s natural resources

60
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of life on Earth; can be looked at as the number of species in a given ecosystem

61
Q

Endangered Species

A

A species that faces immediate extinction throughout all or most of its range

62
Q

Threatened Species

A

A species that’s likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future

63
Q

Types of Diversity:

A

Genetic, ecosystem, landscape

64
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

The number of different alleles and relative frequency of those alleles in populations and species

65
Q

Ecosystem Diversity

A

The interaction between the species and the abiotic environment in any given area

66
Q

Landscape Diversity

A

The number of interactive ecosystems within a single landscape

67
Q

Climate

A

The prevailing weather conditions in a particular region

68
Q

Weather

A

The particular conditions at any given time

69
Q

Seasons

A

Climate and weather conditions based upon the Earth’s rotation around the sun

70
Q

Vernal Equinox

A

When the sun aims directly at the equator- occurs in March

71
Q

Summer Solstice

A

When the northern hemisphere tilts towards the sun- occurs in June

72
Q

Autumnal Equinox

A

When the sun aims directly at the equator- occurs in September

73
Q

Winter Solstice

A

When the northern hemisphere tilts away from the sun- occurs in December

74
Q

Biome

A

A major terrestrial ecosystem

75
Q

Direct Value

A

The value we place on the services that organisms perform

76
Q

Direct Value Examples:

A

Medicinal, agricultural, consumptive use

77
Q

Indirect Value

A

The value placed on parts of the ecosystem that benefits from humans but can’t have a direct value placed upon them

78
Q

Indirect Value Examples:

A

Biogeochemical cycles, waste disposal, provision of fresh water, flood prevention, soil erosion prevention, regulation of climate, ecotourism

79
Q

Extinction

A

The total loss of a species

Biology 1020- Diversity of Life (4 decks)

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