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Biology 1020- Diversity of Life > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ecosystem

A

A complex interrelated network of living organisms and their surroundings

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2
Q

Community

A

The living things within the ecosystem

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3
Q

Population

A

Members of a particular species within the ecosystem

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4
Q

Species

A

Members of a population that interbreed under natural conditions

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5
Q

Ecology

A

The science that deals with the interrelationships among living things and their environment

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6
Q

Biotic

A

The living portion of the environment

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7
Q

Abiotic

A

The nonliving portion of the environment

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8
Q

When are populations stable?

A

Births-deaths = immigration-emigration

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9
Q

Biotic Potential

A

The maximum rate a population can increase, assuming ideal conditions

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10
Q

Environmental Resistance

A

Factors that tend to limit population growth

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11
Q

Rate of Growth

A

rate= births - deaths

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12
Q

Growth Over Time

A

(r(N))

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13
Q

Exponential Growth

A

Growth by a fix percent of the population size at the beginning of the period

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14
Q

Biotic Potential

A

The maximum growth of a population assuming ideal conditions

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15
Q

Influences on biotic potential:

A

Age at which organisms first reproduce, frequency of reproduction, average number of offspring, length of reproductive lifespan, and death rate at ideal conditions

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16
Q

Boom and Bust Cycles

A

Rapid growth in the population followed by a dramatic crash

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17
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The maximum size the environment can sustain on a regular basis

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18
Q

Density-Independent Limits

A

Limit size and growth of populations regardless of the size of the population; most important: weather, human interactions

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19
Q

Density-Dependent Limits

A

Impact varies with the size of the population; most important: predation, parasitism, competition

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20
Q

Predators

A

Organisms that kill and eat other organisms

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21
Q

Interspecific Competition

A

Between members of different species

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22
Q

Intraspecific Competition

A

Between members of the same species

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23
Q

The multiple forms of competition:

A

scramble, contest, dominant inheritance

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24
Q

Scramble Competition

A

Free for all; the best wins out

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25
Contest Competition
Many animals and some plants; territory
26
Dominant Inheritance
Develops pecking orders where the dominant gets the first rewards
27
Aggregated Distribution
(Clumped) When population members live in groups
28
Uniform Distribution
When organisms maintain relative constant distance between individuals
29
Random Distribution
This is the least common; no groups, no vertebrates
30
Three population types:
convex, constant, concave
31
Convex Curve
Low infant mortality where most get to old age
32
Constant Curve
Offspring have an equal chance at any time
33
Concave Curve
Large numbers of offspring are left on their own; high infant mortality
34
Different types of community interaction:
Competition, predation, symbiosis
35
Succession
As things evolve, one community will give rise to or give way to another until a balanced self-sustaining one is reached
36
Niche
Where the organism lives as well as other aspects of its life, including the physical environmental factors needed for survival
37
Competitive Exclusion Principle
No two species can inhabit the same ecological niche
38
Symbiosis
The extended interaction between organisms of different species
39
Parasitism
When one organism benefits and the other is harmed
40
Commensalism
When one organism benefits and the other is not affected at all
41
Mutualism
When both organisms benefit from the interaction
42
Altruism
When one organism endangers itself or potentially limits its reproductive success to help members of the same species
43
Kin Selection
When the organism benefitting is from the same family
44
General trends in succession:
Soil depth and OM increase, overall productivity increases, number of different species increases, interactions within the community increases, population change begins to slow down, climax community
45
Two types of Succession:
Primary, secondary
46
Primary Succession
Begins on bare rock; pioneers begin the process and start the OM buildup
47
Secondary Succession
New ecosystems are established after the existing one is destroyed
48
Biome
An ecosystem covering an extensive area
49
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy is neither created or destroyed but it does change one form to another
50
Autotrophs
Photosynthetic organisms- producers
51
Heterotrophs
Consumers
52
Net Primary Productivity
The energy the photosynthetic organisms make available to the community
53
Trophic Levels
1- Producers; 2- Primary consumers (herbivores); 3- Secondary consumers (carnivores); 4- Tertiary consumers (omnivores)
54
Biomagnification
When levels of toxins in animals' bodies increase with each trophic level
55
The Carbon and Nitrogenic Cycle are:
Atmospheric
56
The Water Cycle is:
Hydrologic
57
The Phosphorous Cycle is:
Sedimentary
58
Acid Rain
Overloading of the N and S cycles; sulfur dioxide mixes with water and forms sulfuric acid in the atmosphere
59
Conservation Biology
An interdisciplinary science with the explicit goal of protecting biodiversity and the Earth's natural resources
60
Biodiversity
The variety of life on Earth; can be looked at as the number of species in a given ecosystem
61
Endangered Species
A species that faces immediate extinction throughout all or most of its range
62
Threatened Species
A species that's likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future
63
Types of Diversity:
Genetic, ecosystem, landscape
64
Genetic Diversity
The number of different alleles and relative frequency of those alleles in populations and species
65
Ecosystem Diversity
The interaction between the species and the abiotic environment in any given area
66
Landscape Diversity
The number of interactive ecosystems within a single landscape
67
Climate
The prevailing weather conditions in a particular region
68
Weather
The particular conditions at any given time
69
Seasons
Climate and weather conditions based upon the Earth's rotation around the sun
70
Vernal Equinox
When the sun aims directly at the equator- occurs in March
71
Summer Solstice
When the northern hemisphere tilts towards the sun- occurs in June
72
Autumnal Equinox
When the sun aims directly at the equator- occurs in September
73
Winter Solstice
When the northern hemisphere tilts away from the sun- occurs in December
74
Biome
A major terrestrial ecosystem
75
Direct Value
The value we place on the services that organisms perform
76
Direct Value Examples:
Medicinal, agricultural, consumptive use
77
Indirect Value
The value placed on parts of the ecosystem that benefits from humans but can't have a direct value placed upon them
78
Indirect Value Examples:
Biogeochemical cycles, waste disposal, provision of fresh water, flood prevention, soil erosion prevention, regulation of climate, ecotourism
79
Extinction
The total loss of a species

Biology 1020- Diversity of Life (4 decks)

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