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Pathophysiology-NRSE-2016-001 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What A1c is indicative of pre diabetes?

A

5.7-6.4%

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2
Q

What parameters of HGba1C indicates that an individual is diabetic?

A

> 6.4%

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3
Q

What is diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

complication of diabetes where body produces excess ketones; triggered by insufficient insulin, which can be caused by infection or illness

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4
Q

What are some manifestations of hypothyroidism?

A

sluggishness, weight gain, depression, constipation, facial edema, hypotension, goiter

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5
Q

What are the manifestations of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

obesity (especially in trunk), “moon face,” “buffalo hump,” thin arms and legs, purple striae, weak muscles, acne, psychosis

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6
Q

While caring for a client the nurse notices stool leaking from the vagina. What diagnosis does the nurse suspect?

A

rectocele

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7
Q

A 15-year-old female patient presents with Pre-menstrual syndrome. What would the best teaching the nurse can provide? Select all that apply.

A

Decreased Caffeine, soda, and fats, as well as comfort care

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8
Q

A 22-year-old female presents with hirsutism and acne. We perform an ultrasound that shows enlarged ovaries.

What condition does the nurse suspect?

A

PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome)

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9
Q

What is hirsutism?

A

condition in which women grow dark, coarse hair in a male-like pattern (beard)

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10
Q

A 20-year-old male client present to the Emergency Department (ED) with left sided scrotal pain due to testicular ischemia. Upon testing, his sperm count is found to be low and poor of quality. What condition does the nurse suspect the client has?

A

varicocele

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11
Q

What is varicocele?

A

enlargement of veins within the scrotum that may cause infertility

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12
Q

An uncircumcised male presents with scrotal tenderness and bloody penile discharge. Which of the following does the nurse suspect?

A

epididymitis

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13
Q

Mr. Jones, a 57-year-old male presents with a recent onset of dysuria and erectile dysfunction. He also has a history of gonorrhea and is found to have hematuria in his urine analysis. Which of the following does the nurse expect?

A

prostate cancer

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14
Q

A 42 year old hispanic woman presents to the clinic with continuous vaginal discharge and weight loss. She has a history of HPV. What do we suspect?

A

cervical cancer

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15
Q

A 20-year-old African American female tells her nurse that she has had abnormal uterine bleeding, UTI symptoms, and pain with intercourse. A vaginal ultrasound reveals myometrium growth, and a biopsy later confirms it is a benign tumor. What disorder education will the nurse provide for the client?

A

leiomyoma

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16
Q

A nurse is teaching the community about endometriosis by educating them about the risk factors of endometriosis. What should the nurse include in her teaching?

A

early onset menstruation, nulligravida (never pregnant), late onset of menopause, heavy menstrual bleeding, and a menstrual cycle <27 days

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17
Q

A 30 year old male presents with a recent diagnosis of Prostatitis. What are some risk factors of this condition?

A

HIV, UTIs, and recent urinary catheters

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18
Q

What may cause a hematoma (collection of blood within the skull)?

A

TBI (traumatic brain injury) or surgery complications

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19
Q

What is known as a seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes?

A

status epilepticus

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20
Q

What is the period of time prior to a seizure in which the individual experiences unusual sensations (smells, vertigo, nausea, and anxiety)?

A

aura

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21
Q

What is the period following a seizure in which the person may experience confusion, fatigue, headache, soreness, and deep sleep?

A

post-ictal period

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22
Q

What is a concussion?

A

momentary and reversible interruption of brain function

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23
Q

What is a cerebral contusion?

A

bruising of brain accompanied by rupture of small b.v. and edema

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24
Q

What are some manifestations of Parkinson’s disease?

A

tremors, mask-like face, shuffling gait, unsteady movement, rigid movement, monotone voice, etc

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25
Q

What is the treatment/interventions for Parkinson’s disease?

A

NO CURE; medications, deep brain stimulation, physical therapy, coping strategies

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26
Q

What are the manifestations of meningitis?

A

fever, severe headache, stiff neck, mental status changes, rash, and bulging fontanelle

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27
Q

What are the treatment options for cancerous brain tumors?

A

surgical removal, radiation, chemo, etc

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28
Q

What are the risk factors for cerebrovascular accident?

A

physical inactivity, obesity, hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, etc

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29
Q

What is a thrombotic stroke?

A

CVA caused by a blood clot

30
Q

What are the treatment options for ischemic strokes?

A

thrombolytic agents ( aspirin, etc)

31
Q

What are the treatment options for a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

surgical repair of aneurysms/arteriovenous malformations and blood removal, hypertonic saline (remove swelling)

32
Q

What causes a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

bleeding into the brain by the rupture of blood vessels

33
Q

What are the manifestations for a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

A

unilateral weakness/paralysis of face, arm, leg, difficulty reading, vision issues, dysphagia, changes in stimuli, etc

34
Q

What are the manifestations of dysphagia?

A

difficulty swallowing, persistent drool, sensation of food stuck in throat, and choking

35
Q

What is coup?

A

initial hitting of head (brain) into a stationary object

36
Q

What is contrecoup?

A

rebound of brain after the initial impact (brain hits back of skull)

37
Q

What is decorticate posturing?

A

an abnormal posturing in which a person is stiff with bent arms, clenched fists, and legs held out straight

38
Q

What is decerebrate posturing?

A

an abnormal body posture that involves the arms and legs being held straight out, the toes being pointed downward, and the head and neck being arched backward

39
Q

Which autoimmune condition is characterized by deficient adrenal cortex hormones? (anterior pituitary gland doesn’t produce enough ACTH/adrenocorticotropic hormone, causing insufficient production of corticosteroids by adrenal cortex)

A

Addison’s Disease

40
Q

What are some manifestations of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

moon face, buffalo hump, purple striae, insulin resistance, obesity (especially in trunk), acne, osteoporosis

41
Q

What are the manifestations of hyperthyroidism?

A

everything speeds up (weightloss, thyroid storm, goiter, diarrhea, hypertension, exophthalmos, tremor)

42
Q

What type of breathing is caused by DKA?

A

kussmauls (rapid deep breathing)

43
Q

What are the manifestations of hypothyroidism?

A

constipation, weight gain, cold sensitivity, goiter, sluggishness, facial edema, myxedema coma, hypotension, and hoarseness

44
Q

What type of DM is caused by no insulin production by the beta cells of the pancreatic islet cells of Langerhans?

A

type 1 diabetes

45
Q

What type of DM is characterized by insulin resistance?

A

type 2 diabetes

46
Q

What are some DM manifestations?

A

polydipsia (increased thirst), polyphagia(increased hunger), polyuria (more peeing), weight loss, blurred vision, fatigue, retinopathy, and neuropathy

47
Q

What are the risk factors for gestational diabetes?

A

african american, Hispanics, native americans, obesity and family history

48
Q

What risk is increased for individuals with gestational diabetes?

A

type 2 diabetes for mother and child

49
Q

What is acromegaly and what causes it?

A

increased GH (growth hormone) in adults; can be caused by pituitary tumor (adenoma)

50
Q

What is metabolic syndrome and what does it increase the risk for?

A

large waist, hyperglycemia, high b.p., hypercholesterolemia; type 2 diabetes

51
Q

What are some causes of
parkinson’s disease?

A

infections, hemorrhage, tumors, pituitary dysfunction , and autoimmune conditions

52
Q

What causes diabetes insipidus?

A

insufficient ADH by posterior pituitary

53
Q

What are the manifestations of hyperparathyroidism?

A

hypercalcemia, kidney stones, osteoporosis (pathologic fractures), polyuria, constipation, bone pain, and vomiting

54
Q

What are the manifestations of hypoparathyroidism?

A

hypocalcemia (Trousseaus and Chvostek signs), patchy hair loss, fatigue, abdominal cramping, and memory loss

55
Q

What test is the most sensitive indicator of neurological change?

A

assessing LOC (level of consciousness)

56
Q

What is the priority nursing diagnosis for clients with Parkinson’s disease?

A

risk for injury

57
Q

Brain cancer care?

A

stroke prevention, removal, palliative care, radiation and chemo

58
Q

What are some major manifestations of a TBI (traumatic brain injury)?

A

seizures, fluid draining from nose, mouth or ears, inability to move limbs, stiff neck, and vomiting

59
Q

What are the treatment options for TBI (traumatic brain injury)?

A

rest, analgesics, 24-hour observation, cold compress, hypertonic saline solutions, endotracheal intubation, sedatives, antiseizure agents, surgery and rehab

60
Q

What are the manifestations of alzheimers?

A

insidious progression of memory loss, impaired judgement, personality changes, difficulty expressing self, and incontinence

61
Q

What condition is characterized by the endometrium growing outside the uterus in some areas (fallopian tubes, ovaries, anywhere in body)?

A

endometriosis

62
Q

What are the manifestations of endometriosis?

A

dysmenorrhea (cramping pain before period), menorrhagia (heavy bleeding during period), pelvic pain, infertility, and pain during/after intercourse

63
Q

What does 8 or less on the GCS indicate?

A

comatose

64
Q

What are the 5 A’s of alzheimers?

A

aphasia, amnesia, anomia, apraxia,

65
Q

Which STI causes an odorous, frothy, green discharge in women and is asymptomatic in men?

A

trichomoniasis

66
Q

which STI is most common in the U.S., known as “the silent STI,” and is treated with antibiotics?

A

chlamydia

67
Q

Which STI commonly causes neonatal conjunctivitis, and can cause septic arthritis, endocarditis and dermatitis?

A

gonorrhea

68
Q

Which STI causes lesions known as chancres and can impact the bone, liver, lungs and nervous system?

A

syphilis

69
Q

Which STI is characterized by exacerbations due to stress/illness (cold sores)?

A

herpes

70
Q

A female client presents a Pelvic Organ Prolapse. What education will the nurse provide?

A

bladder training, kegel exercises, and surgery

71
Q

A 19 male suffers from groin trauma during football practice. He complains of severe scrotal pain and swelling. Which of the following does the nurse suspect?

A

testicular torsion

Pathophysiology-NRSE-2016-001 (7 decks)

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