Exam 3 Flashcards
Why do we use an incentive spirometer?
prevent pneumonia by encouraging patients to breathe deeply
What causes a barrel chest?
air trapped in the alveoli
What does the epiglottis prevent?
food and liquid from entering the lungs
Where does gas exchange occur?
alveoli
What people groups is influenza most serious for?
children, elderly, and immune compromised
Lobar, viral, and broncho are all types of what?
pneumonia
What should be included in a teaching about tuberculosis?
respiratory isolation, night sweats, and hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
What is asthma?
chronic, intermittent, reversible condition of the lungs
What is atelectasis?
collapse of the alveoli
What are the components of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)?
chronic bronchitis and emphysema
What are the nursing interventions to prevent atelectasis?
incentive spirometer, cough/deep breathe, and increased mobility
What are the triggers for asthma exacerbations?
allergens
What type of necrosis is associated with tuberculosis? How does tissue appear?
caseous necrosis
cottage cheese like
What are the interventions for a pneumothorax?
chest tube
What condition is commonly found by a mother tasting her baby’s salty skin?
cystic fibrosis
What can you teach a patient with cystic fibrosis?
-secretions will be thick
-its autosomal recessive
-increased respiratory infection risk
-intensive chest physiotherapy
Where is erythropoietin produced?
kidney
What are the manifestations of acute pyelonephritis?
flank pain, CVA (costovertebral angle) tenderness, fever, chills, cloudy urine
Hypovolemia, hypotension, and fluid loss are associated with what condition?
pre-renal kidney injury
What are the manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy?
urinary hesitancy
What are osteoclasts responsible for?
bone reabsorption
What can result in kyphosis?
age, osteoporosis, and disk degeneration
What is the priority nursing diagnosis for fibromyalgia?
fatigue, pain
What are the signs of compartment syndrome?
pain, pulselessness, paresthesia, pallor, paralysis
How is nephritic syndrome characterizes?
gross hematuria and inflammatory injury of the kidney
What can lead to kidney stones?
excess calcium and pH changes
What type of kidney injury is the client who hemorrhaged due to trauma at risk for?
pre-renal
What are the best indicator of kidney function?
GFR and creatinine
What is the main symptom of nephrotic syndrome?
proteinuria
What is the priority intervention for a client with renal calculi?
strain all urine
What is hydronephrosis?
urine backup and dilation of renal structures
What are the manifestations of UTI?
dysuria, suprapubic pain, frequency
What is the pathologic feature of osteoarthritis?
loss of articular cartilage
What is the most common malignant bone tumor?
osteosarcoma
What describes a joint that is fused and stiff?
ankylosis
How is gout characterized?
uric acid crystals in the tissues (usually big toe)
What type of fracture is caused by bone that is already weakened by disease?
pathologic
What type of kidney injury is caused by an enlarged prostate?
post-renal
painful urination
dysuria
What type of acute kidney injury is caused by low b.p./volume, cardiac dysfunction, or hemorrhaging?
prerenal kidney in jury
What type of acute kidney injury is caused by acute tubular necrosis (impaired blood supply), hemolytic uremic syndrome, glomerulonephritis, or prolonged drug exposure?
intrarenal kidney injury
What type of acute kidney in jury is caused by ureter/bladder obstruction or dysfunction (stones, tumors, BPH)?
postrenal kidney injury
What is chronic kidney disease?
gradual loss of renal function
What is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease?
diabetes mellitus
During what stage of chronic kidney disease would a patient begin dialysis?
stage IV (5), or when GFR drops less than 15
What is known as the separation of two bones at a joint?
dislocation
Heberden’s nodes and Bouchard’s nodes are common manifestations of what condition?
osteoarthritis
What is ankylosis?
stiffening of a joint due to bone fusion
What type of arthritis are osteophytes associated with?
osteoarthritis
What type of fracture is characterized by a single break with bone ends maintaining their alignment and position?
simple fracture
What type of fracture occurs with a twisting motion of the bone; common in abuse cases?
spiral fractures
What kind of fracture is characterized by an angled break?
oblique
What type of fracture is characterized by multiple fracture lines and bone pieces?
comminuted
What kind of fracture is an incomplete break where bone is bent and only outer curvature of bone is broken, and is common in children due to minimal calcification?
greenstick fracture
What kind of fracture is common is osteoporosis and is characterized by bone crushing or collapsing into small pieces?
compression fractures
increased outward curvature of the thoracic spine?
kyphosis
What fracture complication is characterized by increased pressure in a compartment? What are the 6Ps?
compartment syndrome
-pain, pulselessness, paresthesia, pallor, paralysis, and poikilothermia
Sprain
stretching or tearing of a ligament
strain
stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon
What type of of bone tumor begins in the bone cells?
osteosarcoma
what type of bone tumor has an unknown origin, and may begin in nerve tissue within the bone?
Ewing sarcoma
What are examples of ventilation conditions/alterations?
asthma, cystic fibrosis, COPD, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer, pleural effusion, pneumothorax
What do the sinuses do in the respiratory system?
warm, moisten, and filter incoming air
What does alcohol do to respiratory cilia?
causes them to be hypoactive
What condition is associated with the term blue bloaters?
chronic bronchitis
-weight gain and cyanosis
What condition is associated with the term pink puffers?
emphysema
-pinkish and pursed-lip breathing
What is the treatment for pleural effusion?
chest drainage tube (remove fluid from pleural cavity)
What is a common cause of mediastinal shift?
pleural effusion
What is PRICE? What condition do we use this for?
protect, rest, ice, compression, elevation
sprain (ligament)
Where are fractures common in individuals with osteoporosis?
wrist, hip, and spine
What manifestation is most significant with Paget disease?
hypercalcemia
What type of arthritis is pannus(extra growth) formation common in?
rheumatoid arthritis
