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Pathophysiology-NRSE-2016-001 > Exam 1: cellular function, immunity, & hematopoietic > Flashcards

Exam 1: cellular function, immunity, & hematopoietic Flashcards

1
Q

a cells attempt to prevent its own death through environmental changes

A

cellular adaptation

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2
Q

cellular adaptation that occurs due to decreased work demands on a cell, so cell becomes smaller

A

atrophy

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3
Q

cellular adaptation that occurs due to increased work demands, so cells increase in size

A

hypertrophy

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4
Q

cellular adaptation in which an increased number of cells occur in an organ or tissue
ex. endometrial hyperplasia; over secretion of estrogen

A

hyperplasia

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5
Q

cellular adaptation in which one adult cell is REPLACED by another normal cell type
ex. ciliary changes in a smokers lungs

A

metaplasia

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6
Q

cellular adaptation in which cells mutate into cells of a different size, shape, and appearance (often indicated as precancerous cells)
ex. cervical cells exposed to HPV- cervix begins growing abnormal cells

A

dysplasia

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7
Q

the process by which unwanted cells are eliminated

A

programmed cell death

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8
Q

programmed cell death that usually occurs because of morphologic (structure or form) changes

A

apoptosis

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9
Q

inadequate blood flow to a tissue or organ

A

ischemia

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10
Q

lack of blood flow to the point that cells are left damaged to the point they cannot survive

A

infarction

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11
Q

cellular death caused by injury, disease, or ischemia that causes the cell to swell and burst

A

necrosis

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12
Q

unlike necrosis where the cells swell and burst, what happens during apoptosis ?

A

cells condense and shrink

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13
Q

type of necrosis in which caustic (capable of dissolving) enzymes dissolve or liquify necrotic cells

A

liquefaction necrosis

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14
Q

type of necrosis in which necrotic cells disintegrate, but the cellular debris remain in the area for months or years (cottage cheese-like appearance)

A

caseous necrosis

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15
Q

type of necrosis in which lipase enzymes break down intracellular triglycerides into free fatty acids, which then combine with magnesium, sodium, and calcium to form soaps

A

fat necrosis

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16
Q

which type of necrosis is commonly associated with breast injury or acute pancreatitis?

A

fat necrosis

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17
Q

type of necrosis usually caused by interruption in blood flow

A

coagulative necrosis

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18
Q

this is a type of coagulative necrosis that is characterized by impaired blood flow + bacterial invasion

A

gangrene

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19
Q

where is the most common site of gangrene on the body? why?

A

the legs: due to arteriosclerosis (hardening of arteries)

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20
Q

type of gangrene characterized by minimal bacterial presence, and skin appears dry, dark brown, or black

A

dry gangrene

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21
Q

type of gangrene characterized by liquefaction necrosis; wet wound

A

wet gangrene

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22
Q

type of gangrene characterized by bubbles from the tissue, often underneath the skin

A

gas gangrene

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23
Q

these are unstable molecules that are made during normal cell metabolism that create a ripple effect on the stability of the molecules of surrounding cells; can cause cell death

A

free radicals

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24
Q

this forms when a group of cells is no longer responding to normal regulatory process

A

neoplasm or tumor

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25
Q

the disease state associated with uncontrolled division/growth of abnormal cells

A

cancer

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26
Q

loss of differentiation

A

anaplasia

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27
Q

carcinogenesis

A

process by which cancer develops

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28
Q

these tumors are slow growing, progressive, localized, defined, and differentiated

A

benign

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29
Q

to spread from one part of the body to another (usually used when referring to cancerous cells)

A

metastasize

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30
Q

these types of cancers are rapid, metastatic, undifferentiated, and fatal

A

malignant

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31
Q

what are 2 hormones released due to stress?

A

cortisol and epinephrine

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32
Q

what type of stress response is characterized by a cluster of systemic manifestations that represent an attempt to cope with a stressor

A

general adaptation syndrome

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33
Q

which stage of general adaptation syndrome is when sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, and cortisol is released, resulting in flight or fight reaction

A

alarm stage

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34
Q

which stage of general adaptation syndrome is when body chooses most advantageous and most effective defense

A

resistance stage

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35
Q

which stage of general adaptation syndrome is when body becomes damaged or damaged due to prolonged stressor?

A

exhaustion stage

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36
Q

this type of stress response is when the body attempts to limit the damage associated with a stressor by confining it to one location

A

local adaptation syndrome

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37
Q

this type of immunity provides immediate, nonspecific protection

A

innate immunity

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38
Q

this type of immunity takes 7-10 days to provide specific protection from an antigen

A

adaptive immunity

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39
Q

what are the 5 components of the innate immunity?

A

barriers, inflammatory response, pyrogens, interferons, and complement proteins

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40
Q

these are infection-fighting agents, which are usually the first to arrive on the scene of an infection. they are attracted to chemicals released by infected tissue, escape capillary wall, go to site of infection and phagocytize microorganism

A

neutrophils

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41
Q

WBCs that bind immunoglobulin E (IgE- an antibody) & release histamine in anaphylaxis

A

basophils

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42
Q

WBCs involved in allergic reactions

A

eosinophils

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43
Q

cells that mature in bone marrow, where they differentiate into memory cells or immunoglobulin-secreting cells

A

B cells/lymphocytes

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44
Q

these cells eliminate bacteria, neutralize bacterial toxins, prevent viral reinfection, and produce immediate inflammatory response

A

B Cells/lymphocytes

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45
Q

type of cells that stimulate quick response with subsequent exposures to an antigen; they “remember” the antigen as foreign, leading to rapid antibody production

A

Memory cells

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46
Q

WBCs that develop from B cells and produce large volumes of specific antibodies

A

plasma cells

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47
Q

cells produced in the bone marrow and matured in the thymus

A

T cells/lymphocytes

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48
Q

T cells that destroy virus-infected cells by degrading cell walls (aka cytotoxic cells or effector cells)

A

Killer T cells

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49
Q

T cells that activate B cells to produce antibodies

A

Helper T Cells

50
Q

cells that destroy cancer cells, foreign cells, and virus-infected cells

A

natural killer lymphocytes

51
Q

these are proteins found in blood and cells of immunity that function as antibodies

A

immunoglobulins

52
Q

type of immunoglobulin whose main defense is against bacteria; can cross placenta to offer fetus protection

A

IgG

53
Q

type of immunoglobulin who fights blood infections and triggers additional production of IgG

A

IgM

54
Q

type of immunoglobulin found in membranes of respiratory and gastrointestinal tract

A

IgA

55
Q

type of immunoglobulin that protects body through its presence in mucous membranes and skin

A

IgE

56
Q

type of immunoglobulin present (in small amounts) in the blood and on B cell surfaces; receptor for antigens; anchors cell membranes

A

IgD

57
Q

what are the three components of blood?

A

plasma, blood cells, and platelets

58
Q

liquid protein of blood

A

plasma

59
Q

white blood cells

A

leukocytes

60
Q

red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

61
Q

platelets

A

thrombocytes

62
Q

what is plasma responsible for transporting?

A

blood cells, antibodies, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, lipids, and waste

63
Q

the oxygen-carrying protein component of RBCs that give blood its red appearance

A

hemoglobin

64
Q

referring to the amount of erythrocytes in the blood

A

hematocrit

65
Q

sticky cells that combine with clotting factors to control coagulation

A

thrombocytes/platelets

66
Q

enzyme that is released from damaged cells that initiates coagulation/clotting

A

thromboplastin

67
Q

enzyme that dissolves clots once healing has occurred to prevent clogging of circulatory system

A

plasmin

68
Q

process of blood formation that begins during the first weeks of embryonic development

A

hematopoiesis

69
Q

what happens to blood cells with increasing age?

A

they decrease in number and function

70
Q

process that stops bleeding resulting from an injury

A

hemostasis

71
Q

brief reflex in which the blood vessel narrows to decrease blood flow to the injury and increase blood pressure

A

vasospasm

72
Q

in coagulation, blood changes from a liquid to a ?

A

gel

73
Q

what substance do vessels secrete during injury to enhance platelet adherence/stickiness?

A

von Willebrand factor

74
Q

increased WBC levels (can indicate an active infectious process)

A

leukocytosis

75
Q

decreased WBC levels (may indicate an immune deficient state)

A

leukocytopenia

76
Q

condition characterized by a decreased number of circulating neutrophils, inhibiting the body’s ability to fight infections

A

neutropenia

77
Q

condition by which fewer blood cells are made in the marrow

A

bone marrow suppression

78
Q

kissing disease

A

mononucleosis

79
Q

what is the most common cause of mononucleosis?

A

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), a type of herpes (human herpesvirus 4)

80
Q

how is mononucleosis transmitted?

A

commonly through saliva, but also through sneezing and coughing

81
Q

this is a type of blood cancer that develops from lymphatic cells

A

lymphoma

82
Q

the presence of which cells are associated with Hodgkin Lymphoma

A

Reed-Sternberg/Hodgkin Cells

83
Q

what are some manifestations of neutropenia?

A

malaise/general discomfort, chills, fever, and mouth, skin, vaginal, and g.i. ulcerations

84
Q

these are the most common blood cancers

A

lymphomas

85
Q

what are common manifestations of lymphoma?

A

enlarged lymph nodes, weight loss, chills, fatigue, chest pain, night sweats, splenomegaly

86
Q

What is the prognosis for individuals with non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

poor

87
Q

cancer of leukocytes, where bone marrow stem cells make abnormal leukocytes

A

leukemia

88
Q

most common type of leukemia that affects children primarily; responds well to therapy, and has good prognosis

A

ALL: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

89
Q

type of acute leukemia that affects adults primarily; responds fairly well to treatment, and has prognosis slightly worse than ALL

A

AML: Acute Myeloid Leukemia

90
Q

type of chronic leukemia affecting adults primarily, and responds poorly to treatment, yet most patients live for many years after diagnosis

A

CLL: Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia

91
Q

type of chronic leukemia affecting adults primarily; responds poorly to chemotherapy, but has improved prognosis with allogenic bone marrow transplant

A

CML: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

92
Q

manifestations of leukemia

A

leukopenia (low WBCs)- causes frequent infection, anemia, joint swelling, bone pain, anorexia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, CNS disfunction

93
Q

how is leukemia diagnosed/shown in labs?

A

peripheral blood smears, where leukocytes will be shown OR all/most cellular levels will be low- bone marrow biopsy to determine which type of leukemia

94
Q

cancer of the plasma cells that most affects older adults

A

multiple myeloma

95
Q

disease characterized by excessive numbers of abnormal plasma cells found in the bone marrow crowding the blood-forming cells and causing Bence Jones proteins in the urine

A

multiple myeloma

96
Q

this is a disease in which Bence Jones proteins can be found in urine, and client may present with anemia, bleeding gums, decreased bone density, bone pain, etc

A

multiple myeloma

97
Q

hypochromic

A

paleness of erythrocytes due to iron deficiency

98
Q

condition caused by an impaired oxygen-carrying capacity of erythrocytes

A

anemia

99
Q

most widespread anemia in the world

A

iron deficiency anemia

100
Q

what are some causes of iron-deficiency anemia?

A

inadequate consumption, decreased absorption, bleeding (menstrual cycle)

101
Q

vitamin B12 deficiency/megaloblastic (large, immature erythrocytes) anemia

A

pernicious anemia

102
Q

type of anemia caused by inadequate production of all blood cells by bone marrow

A

aplastic anemia

103
Q

what type of anemia is sickle cell anemia?

A

hemolytic anemia

104
Q

hemoglobin S distorts erythrocytes to have what kind of shape? what condition is this associated with?

A

crescent
sickle cell anemia

105
Q

in sickle cell anemia, if RBCs break apart, why does jaundice occur

A

bilirubin is released when cells break, making skin yellow

106
Q

rare blood cell disorder in which bone marrow produces too many erythrocytes and leukocytes causing blood to be less mobile

A

polycythemia vera (pv)

107
Q

increased platelet levels

A

thrombocytosis

108
Q

decreased platelet levels

A

thrombocytopenia

109
Q

platelet disease caused by the immune system destroying its own platelets resulting in hypo coagulopathy (causes pinpoint bleeding on skin)

A

immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP)

110
Q

site of T cell maturation

A

thymus

111
Q

site of erythropoiesis

A

bone marrow

112
Q

organ responsible for filtering the blood of damaged or aged erythrocytes

A

spleen

113
Q

body makes too many platelets

A

thrombocytosis

114
Q

ability to clot is severely reduced due to lack of clotting factor

A

hemophilia

115
Q

destruction of RBCs

A

hemolysis

116
Q

RBCs have less color than normal due to lack of hemoglobin

A

hypochromic

117
Q

RBCs have high amounts of hemoglobin

A

hyperchromic

118
Q

RBCs that are larger than normal

A

macrocytic

119
Q

RBCs smaller than normal

A

microcytic

120
Q

condition w/ low RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

A

pancytopenia

Pathophysiology-NRSE-2016-001 (7 decks)

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