Exam 1: cellular function, immunity, & hematopoietic Flashcards
a cells attempt to prevent its own death through environmental changes
cellular adaptation
cellular adaptation that occurs due to decreased work demands on a cell, so cell becomes smaller
atrophy
cellular adaptation that occurs due to increased work demands, so cells increase in size
hypertrophy
cellular adaptation in which an increased number of cells occur in an organ or tissue
ex. endometrial hyperplasia; over secretion of estrogen
hyperplasia
cellular adaptation in which one adult cell is REPLACED by another normal cell type
ex. ciliary changes in a smokers lungs
metaplasia
cellular adaptation in which cells mutate into cells of a different size, shape, and appearance (often indicated as precancerous cells)
ex. cervical cells exposed to HPV- cervix begins growing abnormal cells
dysplasia
the process by which unwanted cells are eliminated
programmed cell death
programmed cell death that usually occurs because of morphologic (structure or form) changes
apoptosis
inadequate blood flow to a tissue or organ
ischemia
lack of blood flow to the point that cells are left damaged to the point they cannot survive
infarction
cellular death caused by injury, disease, or ischemia that causes the cell to swell and burst
necrosis
unlike necrosis where the cells swell and burst, what happens during apoptosis ?
cells condense and shrink
type of necrosis in which caustic (capable of dissolving) enzymes dissolve or liquify necrotic cells
liquefaction necrosis
type of necrosis in which necrotic cells disintegrate, but the cellular debris remain in the area for months or years (cottage cheese-like appearance)
caseous necrosis
type of necrosis in which lipase enzymes break down intracellular triglycerides into free fatty acids, which then combine with magnesium, sodium, and calcium to form soaps
fat necrosis
which type of necrosis is commonly associated with breast injury or acute pancreatitis?
fat necrosis
type of necrosis usually caused by interruption in blood flow
coagulative necrosis
this is a type of coagulative necrosis that is characterized by impaired blood flow + bacterial invasion
gangrene
where is the most common site of gangrene on the body? why?
the legs: due to arteriosclerosis (hardening of arteries)
type of gangrene characterized by minimal bacterial presence, and skin appears dry, dark brown, or black
dry gangrene
type of gangrene characterized by liquefaction necrosis; wet wound
wet gangrene
type of gangrene characterized by bubbles from the tissue, often underneath the skin
gas gangrene
these are unstable molecules that are made during normal cell metabolism that create a ripple effect on the stability of the molecules of surrounding cells; can cause cell death
free radicals
this forms when a group of cells is no longer responding to normal regulatory process
neoplasm or tumor
the disease state associated with uncontrolled division/growth of abnormal cells
cancer
loss of differentiation
anaplasia
carcinogenesis
process by which cancer develops
these tumors are slow growing, progressive, localized, defined, and differentiated
benign
to spread from one part of the body to another (usually used when referring to cancerous cells)
metastasize
these types of cancers are rapid, metastatic, undifferentiated, and fatal
malignant
what are 2 hormones released due to stress?
cortisol and epinephrine
what type of stress response is characterized by a cluster of systemic manifestations that represent an attempt to cope with a stressor
general adaptation syndrome
which stage of general adaptation syndrome is when sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, and cortisol is released, resulting in flight or fight reaction
alarm stage
which stage of general adaptation syndrome is when body chooses most advantageous and most effective defense
resistance stage
which stage of general adaptation syndrome is when body becomes damaged or damaged due to prolonged stressor?
exhaustion stage
this type of stress response is when the body attempts to limit the damage associated with a stressor by confining it to one location
local adaptation syndrome
this type of immunity provides immediate, nonspecific protection
innate immunity
this type of immunity takes 7-10 days to provide specific protection from an antigen
adaptive immunity
what are the 5 components of the innate immunity?
barriers, inflammatory response, pyrogens, interferons, and complement proteins
these are infection-fighting agents, which are usually the first to arrive on the scene of an infection. they are attracted to chemicals released by infected tissue, escape capillary wall, go to site of infection and phagocytize microorganism
neutrophils
WBCs that bind immunoglobulin E (IgE- an antibody) & release histamine in anaphylaxis
basophils
WBCs involved in allergic reactions
eosinophils
cells that mature in bone marrow, where they differentiate into memory cells or immunoglobulin-secreting cells
B cells/lymphocytes
these cells eliminate bacteria, neutralize bacterial toxins, prevent viral reinfection, and produce immediate inflammatory response
B Cells/lymphocytes
type of cells that stimulate quick response with subsequent exposures to an antigen; they “remember” the antigen as foreign, leading to rapid antibody production
Memory cells
WBCs that develop from B cells and produce large volumes of specific antibodies
plasma cells
cells produced in the bone marrow and matured in the thymus
T cells/lymphocytes
T cells that destroy virus-infected cells by degrading cell walls (aka cytotoxic cells or effector cells)
Killer T cells
T cells that activate B cells to produce antibodies
Helper T Cells
cells that destroy cancer cells, foreign cells, and virus-infected cells
natural killer lymphocytes
these are proteins found in blood and cells of immunity that function as antibodies
immunoglobulins
type of immunoglobulin whose main defense is against bacteria; can cross placenta to offer fetus protection
IgG
type of immunoglobulin who fights blood infections and triggers additional production of IgG
IgM
type of immunoglobulin found in membranes of respiratory and gastrointestinal tract
IgA
type of immunoglobulin that protects body through its presence in mucous membranes and skin
IgE
type of immunoglobulin present (in small amounts) in the blood and on B cell surfaces; receptor for antigens; anchors cell membranes
IgD
what are the three components of blood?
plasma, blood cells, and platelets
liquid protein of blood
plasma
white blood cells
leukocytes
red blood cells
erythrocytes
platelets
thrombocytes
what is plasma responsible for transporting?
blood cells, antibodies, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, lipids, and waste
the oxygen-carrying protein component of RBCs that give blood its red appearance
hemoglobin
referring to the amount of erythrocytes in the blood
hematocrit
sticky cells that combine with clotting factors to control coagulation
thrombocytes/platelets
enzyme that is released from damaged cells that initiates coagulation/clotting
thromboplastin
enzyme that dissolves clots once healing has occurred to prevent clogging of circulatory system
plasmin
process of blood formation that begins during the first weeks of embryonic development
hematopoiesis
what happens to blood cells with increasing age?
they decrease in number and function
process that stops bleeding resulting from an injury
hemostasis
brief reflex in which the blood vessel narrows to decrease blood flow to the injury and increase blood pressure
vasospasm
in coagulation, blood changes from a liquid to a ?
gel
what substance do vessels secrete during injury to enhance platelet adherence/stickiness?
von Willebrand factor
increased WBC levels (can indicate an active infectious process)
leukocytosis
decreased WBC levels (may indicate an immune deficient state)
leukocytopenia
condition characterized by a decreased number of circulating neutrophils, inhibiting the body’s ability to fight infections
neutropenia
condition by which fewer blood cells are made in the marrow
bone marrow suppression
kissing disease
mononucleosis
what is the most common cause of mononucleosis?
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), a type of herpes (human herpesvirus 4)
how is mononucleosis transmitted?
commonly through saliva, but also through sneezing and coughing
this is a type of blood cancer that develops from lymphatic cells
lymphoma
the presence of which cells are associated with Hodgkin Lymphoma
Reed-Sternberg/Hodgkin Cells
what are some manifestations of neutropenia?
malaise/general discomfort, chills, fever, and mouth, skin, vaginal, and g.i. ulcerations
these are the most common blood cancers
lymphomas
what are common manifestations of lymphoma?
enlarged lymph nodes, weight loss, chills, fatigue, chest pain, night sweats, splenomegaly
What is the prognosis for individuals with non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
poor
cancer of leukocytes, where bone marrow stem cells make abnormal leukocytes
leukemia
most common type of leukemia that affects children primarily; responds well to therapy, and has good prognosis
ALL: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
type of acute leukemia that affects adults primarily; responds fairly well to treatment, and has prognosis slightly worse than ALL
AML: Acute Myeloid Leukemia
type of chronic leukemia affecting adults primarily, and responds poorly to treatment, yet most patients live for many years after diagnosis
CLL: Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia
type of chronic leukemia affecting adults primarily; responds poorly to chemotherapy, but has improved prognosis with allogenic bone marrow transplant
CML: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
manifestations of leukemia
leukopenia (low WBCs)- causes frequent infection, anemia, joint swelling, bone pain, anorexia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, CNS disfunction
how is leukemia diagnosed/shown in labs?
peripheral blood smears, where leukocytes will be shown OR all/most cellular levels will be low- bone marrow biopsy to determine which type of leukemia
cancer of the plasma cells that most affects older adults
multiple myeloma
disease characterized by excessive numbers of abnormal plasma cells found in the bone marrow crowding the blood-forming cells and causing Bence Jones proteins in the urine
multiple myeloma
this is a disease in which Bence Jones proteins can be found in urine, and client may present with anemia, bleeding gums, decreased bone density, bone pain, etc
multiple myeloma
hypochromic
paleness of erythrocytes due to iron deficiency
condition caused by an impaired oxygen-carrying capacity of erythrocytes
anemia
most widespread anemia in the world
iron deficiency anemia
what are some causes of iron-deficiency anemia?
inadequate consumption, decreased absorption, bleeding (menstrual cycle)
vitamin B12 deficiency/megaloblastic (large, immature erythrocytes) anemia
pernicious anemia
type of anemia caused by inadequate production of all blood cells by bone marrow
aplastic anemia
what type of anemia is sickle cell anemia?
hemolytic anemia
hemoglobin S distorts erythrocytes to have what kind of shape? what condition is this associated with?
crescent
sickle cell anemia
in sickle cell anemia, if RBCs break apart, why does jaundice occur
bilirubin is released when cells break, making skin yellow
rare blood cell disorder in which bone marrow produces too many erythrocytes and leukocytes causing blood to be less mobile
polycythemia vera (pv)
increased platelet levels
thrombocytosis
decreased platelet levels
thrombocytopenia
platelet disease caused by the immune system destroying its own platelets resulting in hypo coagulopathy (causes pinpoint bleeding on skin)
immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP)
site of T cell maturation
thymus
site of erythropoiesis
bone marrow
organ responsible for filtering the blood of damaged or aged erythrocytes
spleen
body makes too many platelets
thrombocytosis
ability to clot is severely reduced due to lack of clotting factor
hemophilia
destruction of RBCs
hemolysis
RBCs have less color than normal due to lack of hemoglobin
hypochromic
RBCs have high amounts of hemoglobin
hyperchromic
RBCs that are larger than normal
macrocytic
RBCs smaller than normal
microcytic
condition w/ low RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
pancytopenia
