Exam 4

Question 1

Race

Answer 1

A flawed system of classification, with no biological basis, that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups

Question 2

Racism

Answer 2

Individuals’ thoughts, actions, and institutional pattens and policies that create unequal access to power, privilege, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups

Question 3

Genotype

Answer 3

The inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism’s physical form

Question 4

Phenotype

Answer 4

The way genes are expressed in an organisms physical form as a result of genotype interaction with environmental factors

Question 5

Colonialism

Answer 5

The practice by which a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own boarders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions

Question 6

Miscegenation

Answer 6

A demeaning historical term for interracial marriage

Question 7

White Supremacy

Answer 7

The belief that whites are biologically different from and superior to people of other races

Question 8

Whiteness

Answer 8

A culturally constructed concept designed to establish clear boundaries of who is white and who is not (a process central to the formation of US racial stratification

Question 9

Jim Crow

Answer 9

Laws implemented after the US Civil War to enforce segregation legally, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery

Question 10

Hypodescent

Answer 10

Sometimes the “one drop of blood rule”, assignment of children of racial “mixed” unions to the subordinate group

Question 11

Nativism

Answer 11

The favoring of certain long-term inhabitants, namely whites, over new immigrants

Question 12

Racialization

Answer 12

The process of categorizing, differentiating, and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people

Question 13

Individual Racism

Answer 13

Personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminatory actions based on race

Question 14

Microaggression

Answer 14

Common, everyday verbal or behavioral indignities and slights that communicate hostile, derogatory, and negative messages about someone’s race, gender, sexual orientation, or religion

Question 15

Institutional Racism

Answer 15

Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems

Question 16

Racial Ideology

Answer 16

A set of popular ideas about race that allows discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational, and normal

Question 17

Intersectionality

Answer 17

An analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life changes and societal patterns of stratification

Question 18

Ethnicity

Answer 18

A sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group

Question 19

Origin Myth

Answer 19

A story told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a sense of common identity

Question 20

Ethnic Boundary Marker

Answer 20

A practice or belief used to signify who is in a group and who is not, but yet may chance overtime

Question 21

Situational Negotiation of Identity

Answer 21

An individual’s self-identification with a particular group that can shift according to social location

Question 22

Identity Entrepreneurs

Answer 22

Political, military, or religious leaders who promote a worldview through the lens of ethnicity and use war, propaganda, and state power to mobilize people against those whom they perceive as a danger

Question 23

Genocide

Answer 23

The deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic or religious group

Question 24

Ethnic Cleansing

Answer 24

Efforts by representatives of one ethnic or religious group to remove or destroy another group in a particular geographic area

Question 25

Melting Pot

Answer 25

A metaphor used to describe the process of immigrant assimilation into the US dominant culture

Question 26

Assimilation

Answer 26

The process through which most minorities accept the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups

Question 27

Multiculturalism

Answer 27

A pattern of ethnic relations in which new immigrants and their children enculturation into the dominant national culture and yet retain an ethnic culture

Question 28

State

Answer 28

An autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make and use force to maintain order and defend its territory

Question 29

Nation-state

Answer 29

A political entity, located within a geographic territory with enforced boarders, where the population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny as a people

Question 30

Citizenship

Answer 30

Legal membership in a nation-state

Question 31

Nationality

Answer 31

The identification with a group of people thought to share a place of origin

Question 32

Nationalism

Answer 32

The desire of an ethnic community to create/ maintain a nation-state

Question 33

Imagined Community

Answer 33

The invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation those members likely will never all meet

Question 34

Diaspora

Answer 34

A group of people living outside their ancestral homeland yet maintaining emotional and material ties to home

Question 35

Fida’i

Answer 35

One who sacrifices self
-Represents honor, bravery, and sacrifice

Question 36

Shahid

Answer 36

Anyone who dies fighting in defense of the nation/ homeland
-Includes non-combative victims
-Martyr

Question 37

Istishad

Answer 37

Martyrous one
-Emphasizes heroism in sacrifice
-Military and political strategy
-Challenge international community
-Does not exist in traditional Islamic philosophy
-Aimed at Israeli public life
-Relies on volunteers

Question 38

Fellahin

Answer 38

Rural communities
Collective land ownership

Question 39

Feddan

Answer 39

Measurement of land
Based on how much one man can plow with one working animal

Question 40

Hamula

Answer 40

Village residents who owned the land