Exam 3 Flashcards
Economy
A cultural adoption to the environment that enables a group of humans to use the available land, resources, and labor to satisfy their needs to thrive
Food Foragers
Humans who subsist by hunting, fishing and gathering plants to eat
Egalitarian Society
A group based on the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence
Pastoralism
A strategy for food production involving the domestication of animals
Horticulture
The cultivation of plants for subsistence through non intensive use of land and labor
Agriculture
An intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land to create a surplus
Carrying Capacity
The number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region
Reciprocity
The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties
Redistribution
A form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern
Barter
The direct exchange of goods and services, one for the other, without currency or money
Colonialism
The practice by which states extend political, economic, and military power beyond their own borders over for an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions
Modernization Theories
Post- WWII economic theories that predicted that at the end of colonialism, less-developed countries would follow the same trajectory toward modernization as the industrialized countries
Development
Post- WWII strategy of wealthy nations to encourage global economic growth, alleviate poverty, and raise living standards through strategic investment in national economies of former colonies
Dependency Theory
A critique of modernization theory arguing that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations of the modern world economic system had not changed
Underdevelopment
The term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system
Core Countries
Industrialized former colonial states that dominate the world economic system
Periphery Countries
The least-developed and least-powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets
Fordism
The dominant model of industrial production for much of the twentieth century, based on a social compact between labor, corporations, and government
Flexible Accumulation
The increasingly flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate profits in an era of globalization, enabled by innovative communication and transportation teachnologies
Neoliberalism
An economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government
Class
A system based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society’s resources
Bourgeoisie
Marxian term for the capitalist class that owns the means of production
Means of Production
The factories, machines, tools, raw materials, land, and financial capital needed to make things
Capital
Any asset employed or capable of being deployed to produce wealth
Proletariat
Marxian term for the class of laborers who own only their labor
Prestige
The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups
Life Changes
An individual’s opportunities to improve quality of life and realize life goals
Social Mobility
The movement of one’s class position, upward or downward, in stratified societies
Social Reproduction
The phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack of prestige are passed from one generation to the next
Habitus
Bourdieu’s term to describes the self-perceptions, sensibilities, and tastes developed in response to external influence over a lifetime that shape one’s conceptions of the world and where one fits in it
Cultural Capital
The knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society
Income
What people earn from work, plus dividends and interest on investments, along with rents and royalties
Wealth
The total value of what someone owns, minus any debt
Pushes and Pulls
The forces that spur migration from the country of origin and draw immigrants to a particular new destination country
Bridges and Barriers
The factors that enable or inhibit migration
Labor Immigrants
Persons who move in search of a low-skill and low-wage job, often filling an economic niche that native-born workers will not fill
Professional Immigrants
Highly trained individuals who move to fill economic niches in a middle-class profession often marked by shortages in the receiving country
Entrepreneurial Immigrants
Persons who move to a new location to conduct trade and establish a buisness
Refugees
Persons who have been forced to move beyond their national boarders because of political or religious persecution, armed conflict, or disasters
