Exam 3

Question 1

Economy

Answer 1

A cultural adoption to the environment that enables a group of humans to use the available land, resources, and labor to satisfy their needs to thrive

Question 2

Food Foragers

Answer 2

Humans who subsist by hunting, fishing and gathering plants to eat

Question 3

Egalitarian Society

Answer 3

A group based on the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence

Question 4

Pastoralism

Answer 4

A strategy for food production involving the domestication of animals

Question 5

Horticulture

Answer 5

The cultivation of plants for subsistence through non intensive use of land and labor

Question 6

Agriculture

Answer 6

An intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land to create a surplus

Question 7

Carrying Capacity

Answer 7

The number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region

Question 8

Reciprocity

Answer 8

The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties

Question 9

Redistribution

Answer 9

A form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern

Question 10

Barter

Answer 10

The direct exchange of goods and services, one for the other, without currency or money

Question 11

Colonialism

Answer 11

The practice by which states extend political, economic, and military power beyond their own borders over for an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions

Question 12

Modernization Theories

Answer 12

Post- WWII economic theories that predicted that at the end of colonialism, less-developed countries would follow the same trajectory toward modernization as the industrialized countries

Question 13

Development

Answer 13

Post- WWII strategy of wealthy nations to encourage global economic growth, alleviate poverty, and raise living standards through strategic investment in national economies of former colonies

Question 14

Dependency Theory

Answer 14

A critique of modernization theory arguing that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations of the modern world economic system had not changed

Question 15

Underdevelopment

Answer 15

The term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system

Question 16

Core Countries

Answer 16

Industrialized former colonial states that dominate the world economic system

Question 17

Periphery Countries

Answer 17

The least-developed and least-powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets

Question 18

Fordism

Answer 18

The dominant model of industrial production for much of the twentieth century, based on a social compact between labor, corporations, and government

Question 19

Flexible Accumulation

Answer 19

The increasingly flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate profits in an era of globalization, enabled by innovative communication and transportation teachnologies

Question 20

Neoliberalism

Answer 20

An economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government

Question 21

Class

Answer 21

A system based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society’s resources

Question 22

Bourgeoisie

Answer 22

Marxian term for the capitalist class that owns the means of production

Question 23

Means of Production

Answer 23

The factories, machines, tools, raw materials, land, and financial capital needed to make things

Question 24

Capital

Answer 24

Any asset employed or capable of being deployed to produce wealth

Question 25

Proletariat

Answer 25

Marxian term for the class of laborers who own only their labor

Question 26

Prestige

Answer 26

The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups

Question 27

Life Changes

Answer 27

An individual’s opportunities to improve quality of life and realize life goals

Question 28

Social Mobility

Answer 28

The movement of one’s class position, upward or downward, in stratified societies

Question 29

Social Reproduction

Answer 29

The phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack of prestige are passed from one generation to the next

Question 30

Habitus

Answer 30

Bourdieu’s term to describes the self-perceptions, sensibilities, and tastes developed in response to external influence over a lifetime that shape one’s conceptions of the world and where one fits in it

Question 31

Cultural Capital

Answer 31

The knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society

Question 32

Income

Answer 32

What people earn from work, plus dividends and interest on investments, along with rents and royalties

Question 33

Wealth

Answer 33

The total value of what someone owns, minus any debt

Question 34

Pushes and Pulls

Answer 34

The forces that spur migration from the country of origin and draw immigrants to a particular new destination country

Question 35

Bridges and Barriers

Answer 35

The factors that enable or inhibit migration

Question 36

Labor Immigrants

Answer 36

Persons who move in search of a low-skill and low-wage job, often filling an economic niche that native-born workers will not fill

Question 37

Professional Immigrants

Answer 37

Highly trained individuals who move to fill economic niches in a middle-class profession often marked by shortages in the receiving country

Question 38

Entrepreneurial Immigrants

Answer 38

Persons who move to a new location to conduct trade and establish a buisness

Question 39

Refugees

Answer 39

Persons who have been forced to move beyond their national boarders because of political or religious persecution, armed conflict, or disasters