Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Economy

A

A cultural adoption to the environment that enables a group of humans to use the available land, resources, and labor to satisfy their needs to thrive

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2
Q

Food Foragers

A

Humans who subsist by hunting, fishing and gathering plants to eat

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3
Q

Egalitarian Society

A

A group based on the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence

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4
Q

Pastoralism

A

A strategy for food production involving the domestication of animals

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5
Q

Horticulture

A

The cultivation of plants for subsistence through non intensive use of land and labor

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6
Q

Agriculture

A

An intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land to create a surplus

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7
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region

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8
Q

Reciprocity

A

The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties

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9
Q

Redistribution

A

A form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern

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10
Q

Barter

A

The direct exchange of goods and services, one for the other, without currency or money

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11
Q

Colonialism

A

The practice by which states extend political, economic, and military power beyond their own borders over for an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions

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12
Q

Modernization Theories

A

Post- WWII economic theories that predicted that at the end of colonialism, less-developed countries would follow the same trajectory toward modernization as the industrialized countries

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13
Q

Development

A

Post- WWII strategy of wealthy nations to encourage global economic growth, alleviate poverty, and raise living standards through strategic investment in national economies of former colonies

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14
Q

Dependency Theory

A

A critique of modernization theory arguing that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations of the modern world economic system had not changed

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15
Q

Underdevelopment

A

The term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system

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16
Q

Core Countries

A

Industrialized former colonial states that dominate the world economic system

17
Q

Periphery Countries

A

The least-developed and least-powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets

18
Q

Fordism

A

The dominant model of industrial production for much of the twentieth century, based on a social compact between labor, corporations, and government

19
Q

Flexible Accumulation

A

The increasingly flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate profits in an era of globalization, enabled by innovative communication and transportation teachnologies

20
Q

Neoliberalism

A

An economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government

21
Q

Class

A

A system based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society’s resources

22
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

Marxian term for the capitalist class that owns the means of production

23
Q

Means of Production

A

The factories, machines, tools, raw materials, land, and financial capital needed to make things

24
Q

Capital

A

Any asset employed or capable of being deployed to produce wealth

25
Proletariat
Marxian term for the class of laborers who own only their labor
26
Prestige
The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups
27
Life Changes
An individual's opportunities to improve quality of life and realize life goals
28
Social Mobility
The movement of one's class position, upward or downward, in stratified societies
29
Social Reproduction
The phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack of prestige are passed from one generation to the next
30
Habitus
Bourdieu's term to describes the self-perceptions, sensibilities, and tastes developed in response to external influence over a lifetime that shape one's conceptions of the world and where one fits in it
31
Cultural Capital
The knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society
32
Income
What people earn from work, plus dividends and interest on investments, along with rents and royalties
33
Wealth
The total value of what someone owns, minus any debt
34
Pushes and Pulls
The forces that spur migration from the country of origin and draw immigrants to a particular new destination country
35
Bridges and Barriers
The factors that enable or inhibit migration
36
Labor Immigrants
Persons who move in search of a low-skill and low-wage job, often filling an economic niche that native-born workers will not fill
37
Professional Immigrants
Highly trained individuals who move to fill economic niches in a middle-class profession often marked by shortages in the receiving country
38
Entrepreneurial Immigrants
Persons who move to a new location to conduct trade and establish a buisness
39
Refugees
Persons who have been forced to move beyond their national boarders because of political or religious persecution, armed conflict, or disasters