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Cultural Anthropology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropology

A

-Study of the full scope of human diversity (past and present)
-Help people of different backgrounds understand each other
-A way to solve problems
-Study human history and origins
-Make strange familiar

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2
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

-Belief that one’s own culture is normal or natural
-Form how we think, prepare, and understand reality
-Using your culture to judge and evaluate a different culture

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3
Q

Ethnographic Fieldwork

A

-Primary research strategy
-Living and interacting with a community in an extended period of time
-Put people first
-Focus on details and patterns of human life

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4
Q

Cross-Cultural and Comparative Approach

A

-Anthropologists compare practices across cultures to explore human similarities, differences, and potential for human cultural expression
-Unlimited diversity of human expression

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5
Q

4-Field Approach

A

-4 disciplines to study humanity
-Biological, archaeology, linguistic, and cultural

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6
Q

Agency

A

-Potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power
-Ability to determine ones life
-In relationship to others and institutions
-Power dynamic

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7
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

-Study of the history of human evolution through fossil record

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8
Q

Biological/ Physical Anthropology

A

-Study of how humans evolved overtime and adapted to environments

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9
Q

Primatology

A

-Study of nonhuman primates and primate fossils to better understand human evolution and early human behavior

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10
Q

Archaeology

A

-Investigation of human past by means of excavation and analyzing artifacts
-Prehistoric: before language
-Historic: material remains, with written oral record

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11
Q

Linguistic Anthropology

A

-Complex system of symbols to communicate

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12
Q

Sociolinguistics

A

-Study of language in social and cultural contexts

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13
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

-Study of people’s communities, behaviors, beliefs, and institutions (everyday life)
-Search for patterns and meanings
-Participant observation
-Explained/ examine everyday and taken-for-granted (hidden systems of power/ meaning)

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14
Q

Participant Observation

A

-Participation and observation of the daily life of subjects

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15
Q

Ethnology

A

-Analysis and comparison of ethnographic data across cultures
-Intense interaction with locals
-Over an extended period of time
-Uncover cultural practices that challenge “natural” or “universal” beliefs

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16
Q

Globalization

A

-Worldwide intensification of interactions and increased movement of money, people, goods, and ideas within and across national boundaries

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17
Q

Time-Space Compression

A

-Rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization that transforms the way people think about space (distances) and time

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18
Q

Flexible Accumulation

A

-Flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate profits in an era of globalization, enabled by innovative communication and transportation technologies

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19
Q

Uneven Development

A

-The unequal distribution of the benefits of globalization

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20
Q

Anthropocene

A

-Current historical era in which human activity is reshaping the planet in permanent ways

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21
Q

Culture

A

-System of knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, artifacts, and institutions
-Created, shared, and contested
-Communicate/ establish patterns of behavior
-Constantly changing
-Shared experience/ understanding
-Learned and taught
-Formal/informal
-Enculturation: process of learning culture
-Conscious/ unconscious
-Equally capable

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22
Q

Norms

A

-Ideas or rules about how people should behave in situations
-Assumed
-Formal/ informal
-Shared experiences

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23
Q

Values

A

-Fundamental beliefs about what is important
-Clarify goals
-Inform actions

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24
Q

Symbols

A

-Convey meaning
-Standard for something else
-Verbal/ nonverbal
-Carry greater meaning than physical material
-Changes

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25
Q

Mental Maps of Reality

A

-Cultural classifications of what kinds of people and things exist and the assignment of meaning to classifications
-Shortcuts to navigate experiences
-Reflect power
-Assume to be universal/ natural/ scientific
-Assign meaning and value

26
Q

Unilateral Cultural Evolution

A

-Theory that all cultures naturally evolve through the same sequence of stages from simple to complex
-19th centry anthropologists

27
Q

Historical Particularism

A

-Cultures develop in specific ways because of unique histories
-Franz Boas

28
Q

Structural Functionalism

A

-Conceptual framework positing that each element of society serves a particular function to keep the entire system equal

29
Q

Thick Description

A

-Research strategy that combines detailed descriptions of cultural activity with an analysis of the layers of deep cultural meaning in which those activities are embedded

30
Q

Interpretivist Approach

A

-Conceptual framework that sees culture primarily as a symbolic system of deep meaning

31
Q

Power

A

-Ability to bring about change through action or influence
-Aspect of all human relations
-Uneven distribution of power fluctuates
-Material power: ability to exert authority through coercion/ brute force

32
Q

Stratification

A

-Uneven distribution of resources and privileges among participants in a groups or culture

33
Q

Hegemony

A

-The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force
-Create consent/agreement
-Establish what is normal/ natural/ possible
-Discipline own behavior

34
Q

Epigenetics

A

-Explores how environmental factors directly affect the expression of genes in ways that may be inherited between generations

35
Q

Human Microbiome

A

-The complete collection of microorganisms in the human body’s ecosystem

36
Q

Symbol

A

-Anything that represents something else

37
Q

Salvage Ethnography

A

-Fieldwork strategy to collect cultural, material, linguistic, and biological information about Native American populations being devastates by the westward expansion
-Franz Boas

38
Q

Cultual Relativism

A

-Understanding a group’s beliefs and practices within their own cultural context, without making judgements

39
Q

Reflexivity

A

-Self-examination of the role anthropologists plays and an awareness that one’s identity affects one’s fieldwork and theoretical analysis

40
Q

Anthropologists Toolkit

A

-Tools needed to conduct fieldwork
-Key informant/ Cultural consultant: community member who advises on community issues and provides feedback
-Life history: interview that traces the biography of a person over time, examining changes in the person’s life and interlocking network of relationships in the community
-Survey
-Kinship analysis: examining interlocking relationships of power built on marriages and family
-Social network analysis: examines relationships in a community
-Field notes
-Mapping: analysis of physical/ geographic space where fieldwork is conducted

41
Q

Built Environment

A

-Intentional designed features of human settlement
-Infrastructure, transportation, and public spaces

42
Q

Mutual Transformation

A

-Potential for both members of society and anthropologist to be changed by the interaction of fieldwork

43
Q

Zeros

A

-Elements of a story that are not told/ seen and offer key insights into issues that might be too sensitive to discuss or display publicly

44
Q

Emic

A

-Approach to gather data that investigates how local people think and how they understand the world

45
Q

Etic

A

-Description of local behavior and beliefs from the anthropologists perspective in ways that can be compared across cultures

46
Q

Polyvocality

A

-Practice of using many voices in ethnographic writing and research question development

47
Q

Language

A

-System of communication organized by rules that use symbols to convey information
-Infinite choices
-Shareable
-Is flexible and inventive
-Reflects ideas and experiences
-Limits and constrains
-Share and learn culture
-Used differently depending on space/ people
-Connected to identity
-Site of power relations

48
Q

Historical Linguistics

A

-Study of the development of language over time

49
Q

Language Continuum

A

-Variation in languages appears gradually over distance so that groups of people who live near one another speak in a way that is mutually intelligible

50
Q

Speech Community

A

-Group of people who come to share certain norms of language use through living and communicating together

51
Q

Descriptive Linguistics

A

-Study the sounds, symbols, and gestures of a language
-Phonemes: smallest unit of sound that makes a different meaning
-Phonology: study of what sound exists and how its used in language
-Morphemes: smallest unit of sound that carries meaning alone
-Morphology: study of patterns and rules of how sounds combine
-Syntax: specific patterns and rules for combining morphemes to make phrases
-Grammar: rules governing phonemes, morphemes, and syntax

52
Q

Kinesics

A

-Study of the relationship between body movement and communication

53
Q

Paralanguage

A

-Set of noises and tones of voice that convey significant information about the speaker

54
Q

Linguistic Relativity

A

-Languages will develop the distinctive categories necessary for those who speak them to deal with realities around them

55
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

-Different languages create different ways of thinking

56
Q

Lexicon

A

-All words for names, ideas, and events make up a languages dictionary

57
Q

Sociolinguistics

A

-Study of the ways culture shapes language and language shapes culture

58
Q

Dialect

A

-Nonstandard variation of a language

59
Q

Prestige Language

A

-Language variation that is associated with wealth, success, power and education

60
Q

Language Ideology

A

-Beliefs and conceptions about language that often serves to rationalize and justify patterns of stratification and inequity

61
Q

Code Switching

A

Switching back and forth between one linguistic variant and another

62
Q

Language Loss

A

The extinction of languages that have very few speakers

Cultural Anthropology (4 decks)

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