Exam 4 Flashcards
What kind of injuries are the second leading cause of all physician visits in the United States?
Lumbar Spine injuries
What percent of the adult population will have a low back dysfunction at some point in their lives?
80%
Curves in the spine increase the resistance to compression by how much?
10%
Which direction does the nucleus of a disk move when the spine moves from flexion to extension?
Anterior
These are functions of what part of the body?
-Transmits forces
-Equalizes stress
-Promotes movement
-Provides stability
-Enhances movement between vertebral bodies
-Shock absorption
Disks
What is the outer wall of the disc called?
Annulus
What is contained within the annulus of a disc?
The nucleus
In what conditions are discs most vulnerable to injury?
Spinal rotation when loaded
In what position is are lumbar discs under the most pressure?
Seated in a flexed posture
What movement happens at the AO joint?
The head nods yes
What movement happens at the AA joint?
The head shakes no
In what position are the lumbar discs under the least amount of pressure?
Supine
At what angle do the facet joints of C2-T1 align?
45 degrees
What movements occur at the cervical spine (besides flexion/extension) and do they occur in the same or opposite directions?
-Side bending and rotation
-They occur in the same direction
At what angle do the facet joints of the thoracic spine align?
60 degrees
At what angle do the facet joints of the lumbar spine align?
90 degrees
What movements occur at the thoracic and lumbar spine and do they occur in the same or opposite directions?
-Side bending and rotation
-They occur in the opposite direction
What are the Erector Spinae muscles in order from medial to lateral?
-SLI
-Spinalis
-Longissimus
-Iliocostalis
How do you test for Upper Abdominal MMT?
Pt. lies supine with knees bent and tries to raise shoulder blades off the table.
-3/5: Arms outstretched in front
-4/5: Arms crossed over chest
-5/5: Hands behind head
How do you test for Lower Abdominal MMT?
Patient lies in supine with B hips flexed to 90 degrees and abs braced. The pt. then tries to control the decent of their LEs all the way down to the mat. The further the pt. can control the decent the higher their score.
What are the 2 concepts in spine functional recovery?
- Trunk muscle co-contraction and muscle synergy
- Proximal stability with distal mobility
When using the Oswestry Disability index, is the goal to increase or decrease the score?
Decrease
What is the only ligament that prevents hyperextension of the spine?
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
What does HNP mean?
Herniated Nucleus Pulposa (Disc herniation)
What are the 4 stages of a disc herniation?
- Degeneration
- Prolapse
- Extrusion (Nucleus starts to press up against the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament)
- Sequestration (Nucleus starts to spill out of the disc)
Which reflex do you test for L4?
Patellar
Which reflex do you test for S1
Achilles
What is it called when repeated movements increase the LE sx?
Peripheralization
What is it called when repeated movements move sx toward the spine?
Centralization
What type of exercises do you want to give patients with a HNP?
Extension biased
What is the term for a stress fracture to the spine?
Spondylolysis
What is the term for forward slippage of a vertebrae?
Spondylolisthesis
What is the term for osteoarthritis of the spine?
Spondylosis
What is the term for narrowing of the spinal canal?
Stenosis
What type of exercises should you give your patient with Dx like stenosis, spondylolysis, or spondylolisthesis?
Flexion biased
Are males or females more likely to suffer from spinal stenosis?
Males
What term describes intermittent leg pain from impingement of the nerves emanating from the spinal cord.
Neurogenic Claudication
What is considered the weakest part of the vertebrae?
The Pars Interarticularis
What is another name for a fractured Pars Interarticularis?
A Scotty Dog fracture
What is a progression of spondylolysis when both sides of a vertebrae are fractured?
Spondylolisthesis
What is the mechanism for injury for spondylolysis?
Repeated extension
What typed of surgery is performed for patients with an HNP?
Lamenectomy
What type of surgery is performed for patients with spondylolisthesis?
Lumbar fusion
