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PTA 201 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of injuries are the second leading cause of all physician visits in the United States?

A

Lumbar Spine injuries

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2
Q

What percent of the adult population will have a low back dysfunction at some point in their lives?

A

80%

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3
Q

Curves in the spine increase the resistance to compression by how much?

A

10%

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4
Q

Which direction does the nucleus of a disk move when the spine moves from flexion to extension?

A

Anterior

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5
Q

These are functions of what part of the body?
-Transmits forces
-Equalizes stress
-Promotes movement
-Provides stability
-Enhances movement between vertebral bodies
-Shock absorption

A

Disks

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6
Q

What is the outer wall of the disc called?

A

Annulus

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7
Q

What is contained within the annulus of a disc?

A

The nucleus

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8
Q

In what conditions are discs most vulnerable to injury?

A

Spinal rotation when loaded

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9
Q

In what position is are lumbar discs under the most pressure?

A

Seated in a flexed posture

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10
Q

What movement happens at the AO joint?

A

The head nods yes

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11
Q

What movement happens at the AA joint?

A

The head shakes no

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12
Q

In what position are the lumbar discs under the least amount of pressure?

A

Supine

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13
Q

At what angle do the facet joints of C2-T1 align?

A

45 degrees

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14
Q

What movements occur at the cervical spine (besides flexion/extension) and do they occur in the same or opposite directions?

A

-Side bending and rotation
-They occur in the same direction

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15
Q

At what angle do the facet joints of the thoracic spine align?

A

60 degrees

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16
Q

At what angle do the facet joints of the lumbar spine align?

A

90 degrees

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17
Q

What movements occur at the thoracic and lumbar spine and do they occur in the same or opposite directions?

A

-Side bending and rotation
-They occur in the opposite direction

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18
Q

What are the Erector Spinae muscles in order from medial to lateral?

A

-SLI
-Spinalis
-Longissimus
-Iliocostalis

19
Q

How do you test for Upper Abdominal MMT?

A

Pt. lies supine with knees bent and tries to raise shoulder blades off the table.
-3/5: Arms outstretched in front
-4/5: Arms crossed over chest
-5/5: Hands behind head

20
Q

How do you test for Lower Abdominal MMT?

A

Patient lies in supine with B hips flexed to 90 degrees and abs braced. The pt. then tries to control the decent of their LEs all the way down to the mat. The further the pt. can control the decent the higher their score.

21
Q

What are the 2 concepts in spine functional recovery?

A
  1. Trunk muscle co-contraction and muscle synergy
  2. Proximal stability with distal mobility
22
Q

When using the Oswestry Disability index, is the goal to increase or decrease the score?

A

Decrease

23
Q

What is the only ligament that prevents hyperextension of the spine?

A

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

24
Q

What does HNP mean?

A

Herniated Nucleus Pulposa (Disc herniation)

25
Q

What are the 4 stages of a disc herniation?

A
  1. Degeneration
  2. Prolapse
  3. Extrusion (Nucleus starts to press up against the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament)
  4. Sequestration (Nucleus starts to spill out of the disc)
26
Q

Which reflex do you test for L4?

A

Patellar

27
Q

Which reflex do you test for S1

A

Achilles

28
Q

What is it called when repeated movements increase the LE sx?

A

Peripheralization

29
Q

What is it called when repeated movements move sx toward the spine?

A

Centralization

30
Q

What type of exercises do you want to give patients with a HNP?

A

Extension biased

31
Q

What is the term for a stress fracture to the spine?

A

Spondylolysis

32
Q

What is the term for forward slippage of a vertebrae?

A

Spondylolisthesis

33
Q

What is the term for osteoarthritis of the spine?

A

Spondylosis

34
Q

What is the term for narrowing of the spinal canal?

A

Stenosis

35
Q

What type of exercises should you give your patient with Dx like stenosis, spondylolysis, or spondylolisthesis?

A

Flexion biased

36
Q

Are males or females more likely to suffer from spinal stenosis?

A

Males

37
Q

What term describes intermittent leg pain from impingement of the nerves emanating from the spinal cord.

A

Neurogenic Claudication

38
Q

What is considered the weakest part of the vertebrae?

A

The Pars Interarticularis

39
Q

What is another name for a fractured Pars Interarticularis?

A

A Scotty Dog fracture

40
Q

What is a progression of spondylolysis when both sides of a vertebrae are fractured?

A

Spondylolisthesis

41
Q

What is the mechanism for injury for spondylolysis?

A

Repeated extension

42
Q

What typed of surgery is performed for patients with an HNP?

A

Lamenectomy

43
Q

What type of surgery is performed for patients with spondylolisthesis?

A

Lumbar fusion

PTA 201 (5 decks)

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